{"product_id":"follistatin-344-1mg-vial","title":"Follistatin344 1mg vial","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 42, 0);\"\u003e                                        \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eNOT \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eFOR HUMAN \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 42, 0); text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eCONSUMPTIO\u003cmeta charset=\"UTF-8\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"58\" data-end=\"899\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFollistatin-344\u003c\/strong\u003e is the 344–amino-acid \u003cstrong data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"160\"\u003epre-pro–follistatin isoform\u003c\/strong\u003e encoded by the human \u003cstrong data-start=\"182\" data-end=\"189\"\u003eFST\u003c\/strong\u003e gene. After secretion-signal removal and proteolytic processing, FS-344 yields the circulating \u003cstrong data-start=\"285\" data-end=\"313\"\u003efollistatin-315 (FS-315)\u003c\/strong\u003e glycoprotein; an alternative splice variant, \u003cstrong data-start=\"359\" data-end=\"369\"\u003eFS-288\u003c\/strong\u003e, is more heparan-sulfate–bound and tissue-retained. Follistatin is a \u003cstrong data-start=\"439\" data-end=\"454\"\u003eligand trap\u003c\/strong\u003e for \u003cstrong data-start=\"459\" data-end=\"502\"\u003eactivins (A\/B), myostatin\/GDF-8, GDF-11\u003c\/strong\u003e and some \u003cstrong data-start=\"512\" data-end=\"520\"\u003eBMPs\u003c\/strong\u003e, preventing their engagement of \u003cstrong data-start=\"553\" data-end=\"573\"\u003eActRIIA\/B–ALK4\/5\u003c\/strong\u003ereceptors and downstream \u003cstrong data-start=\"599\" data-end=\"610\"\u003eSMAD2\/3\u003c\/strong\u003e signalling. Functionally, this \u003cstrong data-start=\"642\" data-end=\"669\"\u003ede-represses myogenesis\u003c\/strong\u003e, reduces catabolic signalling, and can remodel fibrosis and inflammation. In translational work, “\u003cstrong data-start=\"768\" data-end=\"782\"\u003eAAV1-FS344\u003c\/strong\u003e” denotes a gene-therapy cassette that drives \u003cstrong data-start=\"828\" data-end=\"838\"\u003eFS-315\u003c\/strong\u003e expression after in-vivo processing. \u003cem data-start=\"876\" data-end=\"899\"\u003eNot FDA\/EMA-approved.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"901\" data-end=\"904\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-start=\"906\" data-end=\"972\"\u003eAdditional Benefits of Follistatin-344 Now Under Investigation\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"_tableContainer_sk2ct_1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"_tableWrapper_sk2ct_13 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"\u003e\n\u003ctable data-start=\"974\" data-end=\"3733\" class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\"\u003e\n\u003cthead data-start=\"974\" data-end=\"1002\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"974\" data-end=\"1002\"\u003e\n\u003cth data-start=\"974\" data-end=\"984\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eBenefit\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-start=\"984\" data-end=\"1002\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003eKey take-aways\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody data-start=\"1013\" data-end=\"3733\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"1013\" data-end=\"1471\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"1013\" data-end=\"1051\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"1015\" data-end=\"1050\"\u003e1 Muscle hypertrophy \u0026amp; strength\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"1051\" data-end=\"1471\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003eSkeletal-muscle overexpression of FS (via AAV1-FS344 or protein delivery) \u003cstrong data-start=\"1127\" data-end=\"1171\"\u003eincreases muscle mass and specific force\u003c\/strong\u003e in multiple rodent models; early \u003cstrong data-start=\"1205\" data-end=\"1243\"\u003ephase 1\/2 intramuscular AAV1-FS344\u003c\/strong\u003e studies in \u003cstrong data-start=\"1255\" data-end=\"1308\"\u003eBecker muscular dystrophy\/inclusion-body myositis\u003c\/strong\u003e reported acceptable safety and \u003cstrong data-start=\"1340\" data-end=\"1386\"\u003esignal for strength\/functional improvement\u003c\/strong\u003e in exploratory endpoints. \u0026lt;br\/\u0026gt;\u003cem data-start=\"1418\" data-end=\"1469\"\u003eScience Translational Medicine; Molecular Therapy\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"1472\" data-end=\"1806\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"1472\" data-end=\"1515\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"1474\" data-end=\"1514\"\u003e2 Anti-myostatin\/activin axis relief\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"1515\" data-end=\"1806\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003eFollistatin \u003cstrong data-start=\"1529\" data-end=\"1568\"\u003eneutralises myostatin and activin A\u003c\/strong\u003e, lowering \u003cstrong data-start=\"1579\" data-end=\"1606\"\u003eSMAD2\/3 phosphorylation\u003c\/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong data-start=\"1611\" data-end=\"1635\"\u003eup-shifting Akt–mTOR\u003c\/strong\u003e and myogenic programmes (MyoD, myogenin), culminating in fibre hypertrophy and reduced atrogene expression (MAFbx\/MuRF1). \u0026lt;br\/\u0026gt;\u003cem data-start=\"1763\" data-end=\"1804\"\u003eNature; Journal of Biological Chemistry\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"1807\" data-end=\"2041\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"1807\" data-end=\"1843\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"1809\" data-end=\"1842\"\u003e3 Sarcopenia \u0026amp; frailty models\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"1843\" data-end=\"2041\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003eIn aged mice, FS delivery \u003cstrong data-start=\"1871\" data-end=\"1927\"\u003eimproves muscle mass, grip strength and gait metrics\u003c\/strong\u003e, with partial reversal of anabolic resistance and mitochondrial quality control. \u0026lt;br\/\u0026gt;\u003cem data-start=\"2014\" data-end=\"2039\"\u003eAging Cell; Geroscience\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"2042\" data-end=\"2314\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"2042\" data-end=\"2075\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"2044\" data-end=\"2074\"\u003e4 Metabolic re-programming\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"2075\" data-end=\"2314\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003eFS-driven myofibre remodeling associates with \u003cstrong data-start=\"2123\" data-end=\"2186\"\u003elower adiposity, improved glucose tolerance and adiponectin\u003c\/strong\u003e in diet-induced obesity; hepatic lipid handling and inflammatory cytokines trend favourably. \u0026lt;br\/\u0026gt;\u003cem data-start=\"2285\" data-end=\"2312\"\u003eCell Metabolism; Diabetes\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"2315\" data-end=\"2617\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"2315\" data-end=\"2345\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"2317\" data-end=\"2344\"\u003e5 Anti-fibrotic effects\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"2345\" data-end=\"2617\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003eBy antagonising activin\/TGF-β-family cues, follistatin \u003cstrong data-start=\"2402\" data-end=\"2433\"\u003ereduces collagen deposition\u003c\/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong data-start=\"2438\" data-end=\"2473\"\u003econnective-tissue growth factor\u003c\/strong\u003e in injured muscle; anti-fibrotic signals are also reported in \u003cstrong data-start=\"2536\" data-end=\"2560\"\u003eliver and myocardium\u003c\/strong\u003e preclinically. \u0026lt;br\/\u0026gt;\u003cem data-start=\"2581\" data-end=\"2615\"\u003eHepatology; Circulation Research\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"2618\" data-end=\"2880\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"2618\" data-end=\"2667\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"2620\" data-end=\"2666\"\u003e6 Satellite-cell activation \u0026amp; regeneration\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"2667\" data-end=\"2880\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003eFS enhances \u003cstrong data-start=\"2681\" data-end=\"2719\"\u003ePax7⁺ satellite-cell proliferation\u003c\/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong data-start=\"2724\" data-end=\"2752\"\u003emyoblast differentiation\u003c\/strong\u003e, accelerating regeneration after cardiotoxin\/crush injury and improving force recovery. \u0026lt;br\/\u0026gt;\u003cem data-start=\"2846\" data-end=\"2878\"\u003eDevelopment; Stem Cell Reports\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"2881\" data-end=\"3170\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"2881\" data-end=\"2936\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"2883\" data-end=\"2935\"\u003e7 Orthopaedic\/cartilage protection (exploratory)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"2936\" data-end=\"3170\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003eIn osteoarthritis-like models, activin blockade \u003cstrong data-start=\"2986\" data-end=\"3048\"\u003eattenuates synovial inflammation and cartilage degradation\u003c\/strong\u003e; tendon-healing data are early and heterogeneous. \u0026lt;br\/\u0026gt;\u003cem data-start=\"3104\" data-end=\"3168\"\u003eOsteoarthritis and Cartilage; Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"3171\" data-end=\"3432\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"3171\" data-end=\"3207\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"3173\" data-end=\"3206\"\u003e8 Cardiac remodelling signals\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"3207\" data-end=\"3432\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003ePost-infarct or pressure-overload rodents show \u003cstrong data-start=\"3256\" data-end=\"3304\"\u003esmaller scar burden and improved LV function\u003c\/strong\u003e with FS delivery, consistent with anti-SMAD2\/3 and anti-fibrotic actions. \u0026lt;br\/\u0026gt;\u003cem data-start=\"3384\" data-end=\"3430\"\u003eJournal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"3433\" data-end=\"3733\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"3433\" data-end=\"3475\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"3435\" data-end=\"3474\"\u003e9 Cachexia mitigation (preclinical)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"3475\" data-end=\"3733\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003eIn tumour or CKD cachexia models, follistatin \u003cstrong data-start=\"3523\" data-end=\"3575\"\u003ereduces wasting and improves survival surrogates\u003c\/strong\u003e, likely via myostatin\/activin restraint. Translation to oncologic populations remains uncertain. \u0026lt;br\/\u0026gt;\u003cem data-start=\"3678\" data-end=\"3731\"\u003eJ Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle; Nature Communications\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"3735\" data-end=\"3738\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-start=\"3740\" data-end=\"3775\"\u003e2. Molecular Mechanism of Action\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-start=\"3777\" data-end=\"3815\"\u003e2.1 Ligand-trap Pharmacodynamics\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"3816\" data-end=\"4124\"\u003eFollistatin \u003cstrong data-start=\"3828\" data-end=\"3866\"\u003edoes not signal through a receptor\u003c\/strong\u003e; instead it \u003cstrong data-start=\"3879\" data-end=\"3896\"\u003ebinds ligands\u003c\/strong\u003e (activin A\/B, myostatin, GDF-11 ± certain BMPs), forming \u003cstrong data-start=\"3954\" data-end=\"3976\"\u003einactive complexes\u003c\/strong\u003e that are cleared. This prevents occupancy of \u003cstrong data-start=\"4022\" data-end=\"4035\"\u003eActRIIA\/B\u003c\/strong\u003e and partner kinases (\u003cstrong data-start=\"4057\" data-end=\"4067\"\u003eALK4\/5\u003c\/strong\u003e), thereby \u003cstrong data-start=\"4078\" data-end=\"4098\"\u003ereducing SMAD2\/3\u003c\/strong\u003e transcriptional activity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-start=\"4126\" data-end=\"4153\"\u003e2.2 Down-stream Biology\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"_tableContainer_sk2ct_1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"_tableWrapper_sk2ct_13 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"\u003e\n\u003ctable data-start=\"4155\" data-end=\"4668\" class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\"\u003e\n\u003cthead data-start=\"4155\" data-end=\"4197\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"4155\" data-end=\"4197\"\u003e\n\u003cth data-start=\"4155\" data-end=\"4165\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003ePathway\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-start=\"4165\" data-end=\"4186\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eFunctional outcome\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-start=\"4186\" data-end=\"4197\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eContext\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody data-start=\"4212\" data-end=\"4668\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"4212\" data-end=\"4327\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4212\" data-end=\"4240\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e↓ SMAD2\/3 (TGF-β\/activin)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4240\" data-end=\"4303\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eDe-repression of myogenesis; ↓ fibrosis genes (COL1A1, CTGF)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4303\" data-end=\"4327\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eMuscle, liver, heart\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"4328\" data-end=\"4401\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4328\" data-end=\"4341\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e↑ Akt–mTOR\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4341\" data-end=\"4382\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e↑ protein synthesis, fibre hypertrophy\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4382\" data-end=\"4401\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eSkeletal muscle\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"4402\" data-end=\"4471\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4402\" data-end=\"4421\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e↓ FoxO\/atrogenes\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4421\" data-end=\"4451\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e↓ proteolysis (MAFbx\/MuRF1)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4451\" data-end=\"4471\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eCatabolic states\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"4472\" data-end=\"4573\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4472\" data-end=\"4512\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eSatellite-cell programmes (MyoD\/MyoG)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4512\" data-end=\"4557\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e↑ progenitor proliferation\/differentiation\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4557\" data-end=\"4573\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eRegeneration\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"4574\" data-end=\"4668\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4574\" data-end=\"4602\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eImmune–stromal cross-talk\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4602\" data-end=\"4648\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e↓ pro-inflammatory cytokines\/SMC activation\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4648\" data-end=\"4668\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eMuscle, synovium\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"4670\" data-end=\"4673\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-start=\"4675\" data-end=\"4697\"\u003e3. Pharmacokinetics\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul data-start=\"4699\" data-end=\"5287\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"4699\" data-end=\"4910\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"4701\" data-end=\"4910\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"4701\" data-end=\"4718\"\u003eProtein form:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong data-start=\"4719\" data-end=\"4729\"\u003eFS-315\u003c\/strong\u003e (processed product of FS-344) is the dominant \u003cstrong data-start=\"4776\" data-end=\"4791\"\u003ecirculating\u003c\/strong\u003e species with a \u003cstrong data-start=\"4807\" data-end=\"4849\"\u003eplasma half-life on the order of hours\u003c\/strong\u003e; \u003cstrong data-start=\"4851\" data-end=\"4861\"\u003eFS-288\u003c\/strong\u003e is more \u003cstrong data-start=\"4870\" data-end=\"4886\"\u003ematrix-bound\u003c\/strong\u003e with local retention.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"4911\" data-end=\"5140\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"4913\" data-end=\"5140\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"4913\" data-end=\"4943\"\u003eGene therapy (AAV1-FS344):\u003c\/strong\u003e Intramuscular administration yields \u003cstrong data-start=\"4980\" data-end=\"5024\"\u003elocal expression with systemic spillover\u003c\/strong\u003e of FS-315; exposure persists \u003cstrong data-start=\"5054\" data-end=\"5073\"\u003emonths to years\u003c\/strong\u003e, governed by transgene expression rather than peptide clearance.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"5141\" data-end=\"5287\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"5143\" data-end=\"5287\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"5143\" data-end=\"5170\"\u003eDistribution\/clearance:\u003c\/strong\u003e Proteolytic degradation and reticulo-endothelial clearance of ligand–FS complexes; \u003cstrong data-start=\"5254\" data-end=\"5264\"\u003eno CYP\u003c\/strong\u003e interactions expected.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"5289\" data-end=\"5292\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-start=\"5294\" data-end=\"5339\"\u003e4. Pre-clinical and Translational Evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-start=\"5341\" data-end=\"5371\"\u003e4.1 Rare Muscle Diseases\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"5372\" data-end=\"5632\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"5372\" data-end=\"5386\"\u003eAAV1-FS344\u003c\/strong\u003e has been tested in small \u003cstrong data-start=\"5412\" data-end=\"5425\"\u003ephase 1\/2\u003c\/strong\u003e cohorts with \u003cstrong data-start=\"5439\" data-end=\"5468\"\u003eBecker muscular dystrophy\u003c\/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong data-start=\"5473\" data-end=\"5500\"\u003einclusion-body myositis\u003c\/strong\u003e, demonstrating \u003cstrong data-start=\"5516\" data-end=\"5548\"\u003eacceptable short-term safety\u003c\/strong\u003e, transgene expression, and \u003cstrong data-start=\"5576\" data-end=\"5607\"\u003esuggestive functional gains\u003c\/strong\u003e on exploratory measures.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-start=\"5634\" data-end=\"5662\"\u003e4.2 Aging \u0026amp; Sarcopenia\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"5663\" data-end=\"5819\"\u003eIn aged rodents, FS improves \u003cstrong data-start=\"5692\" data-end=\"5741\"\u003eCSA, strength, mitochondrial markers and gait\u003c\/strong\u003e, and blunts catabolic signalling—supporting trials in \u003cstrong data-start=\"5796\" data-end=\"5818\"\u003esarcopenic frailty\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-start=\"5821\" data-end=\"5848\"\u003e4.3 Metabolic Disease\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"5849\" data-end=\"6037\"\u003eIn obesity models, FS lowers \u003cstrong data-start=\"5878\" data-end=\"5890\"\u003efat mass\u003c\/strong\u003e, improves \u003cstrong data-start=\"5901\" data-end=\"5942\"\u003eglucose tolerance\/insulin sensitivity\u003c\/strong\u003e, and reduces \u003cstrong data-start=\"5956\" data-end=\"5982\"\u003einflammatory cytokines\u003c\/strong\u003e; hepatic steatosis markers decline in several studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-start=\"6039\" data-end=\"6069\"\u003e4.4 Fibrosis\/Remodelling\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"6070\" data-end=\"6244\"\u003eAcross muscle, liver and heart injury models, FS consistently \u003cstrong data-start=\"6132\" data-end=\"6165\"\u003ereduces collagen accumulation\u003c\/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong data-start=\"6170\" data-end=\"6204\"\u003eSMAD2\/3 transcriptional output\u003c\/strong\u003e, aligning with anti-fibrotic potential.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-start=\"6246\" data-end=\"6279\"\u003e4.5 Safety-relevant Biology\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"6280\" data-end=\"6528\"\u003eBecause \u003cstrong data-start=\"6288\" data-end=\"6326\"\u003eactivin A stimulates pituitary FSH\u003c\/strong\u003e, systemic follistatin can \u003cstrong data-start=\"6353\" data-end=\"6366\"\u003elower FSH\u003c\/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong data-start=\"6371\" data-end=\"6402\"\u003ealter reproductive function\u003c\/strong\u003e; broad BMP antagonism raises theoretical risks for \u003cstrong data-start=\"6454\" data-end=\"6485\"\u003evascular\/epithelial effects\u003c\/strong\u003e seen with other ActRII-pathway inhibitors.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"6530\" data-end=\"6533\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-start=\"6535\" data-end=\"6568\"\u003e5. Emerging Clinical Interests\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"_tableContainer_sk2ct_1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"_tableWrapper_sk2ct_13 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"\u003e\n\u003ctable data-start=\"6570\" data-end=\"7135\" class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\"\u003e\n\u003cthead data-start=\"6570\" data-end=\"6608\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"6570\" data-end=\"6608\"\u003e\n\u003cth data-start=\"6570\" data-end=\"6578\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eField\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-start=\"6578\" data-end=\"6590\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eRationale\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-start=\"6590\" data-end=\"6608\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eCurrent status\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody data-start=\"6623\" data-end=\"7135\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"6623\" data-end=\"6740\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"6623\" data-end=\"6652\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"6625\" data-end=\"6651\"\u003eBecker MD \/ IBM \/ FSHD\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"6652\" data-end=\"6704\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eHypertrophy + anti-fibrosis via SMAD2\/3 restraint\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"6704\" data-end=\"6740\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eEarly-phase gene-therapy studies\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"6741\" data-end=\"6837\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"6741\" data-end=\"6766\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"6743\" data-end=\"6765\"\u003eSarcopenia\/frailty\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"6766\" data-end=\"6811\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eMuscle anabolism, function, and resilience\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"6811\" data-end=\"6837\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003ePreclinical → planning\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"6838\" data-end=\"6962\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"6838\" data-end=\"6868\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"6840\" data-end=\"6867\"\u003eMetabolic disease\/NAFLD\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"6868\" data-end=\"6916\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eReduced adiposity\/inflammation; anti-fibrosis\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"6916\" data-end=\"6962\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003ePreclinical; exploratory clinical interest\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"6963\" data-end=\"7057\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"6963\" data-end=\"6985\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"6965\" data-end=\"6984\"\u003eOrthopaedics\/OA\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"6985\" data-end=\"7036\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eCartilage\/tendon protection (activin\/TGF-β axis)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"7036\" data-end=\"7057\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eEarly preclinical\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"7058\" data-end=\"7135\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"7058\" data-end=\"7084\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"7060\" data-end=\"7083\"\u003eCardiac remodelling\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"7084\" data-end=\"7120\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eAnti-fibrotic benefit post-injury\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"7120\" data-end=\"7135\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003ePreclinical\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"7137\" data-end=\"7140\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-start=\"7142\" data-end=\"7171\"\u003e6. Safety and Tolerability\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul data-start=\"7173\" data-end=\"8108\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"7173\" data-end=\"7284\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"7175\" data-end=\"7284\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"7175\" data-end=\"7204\"\u003eProtein\/peptide exposure:\u003c\/strong\u003e Injection-site reactions; \u003cstrong data-start=\"7231\" data-end=\"7249\"\u003eimmunogenicity\u003c\/strong\u003e possible with recombinant forms.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"7285\" data-end=\"7487\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"7287\" data-end=\"7487\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"7287\" data-end=\"7310\"\u003eGene therapy (AAV):\u003c\/strong\u003e Vector-related \u003cstrong data-start=\"7326\" data-end=\"7343\"\u003etransaminitis\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong data-start=\"7345\" data-end=\"7365\"\u003eT-cell responses\u003c\/strong\u003e, pre-existing anti-AAV antibodies; rare AAV-class risks (e.g., \u003cstrong data-start=\"7429\" data-end=\"7445\"\u003eDRG findings\u003c\/strong\u003e in other programmes) inform monitoring.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"7488\" data-end=\"7684\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"7490\" data-end=\"7684\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"7490\" data-end=\"7517\"\u003eEndocrine\/reproductive:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong data-start=\"7518\" data-end=\"7537\"\u003eFSH suppression\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong data-start=\"7539\" data-end=\"7565\"\u003emenstrual irregularity\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong data-start=\"7567\" data-end=\"7599\"\u003ereduced fertility parameters\u003c\/strong\u003e are biologically plausible with systemic exposure; monitor gonadal axes in trials.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"7685\" data-end=\"7912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"7687\" data-end=\"7912\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"7687\" data-end=\"7700\"\u003eOncology:\u003c\/strong\u003e Context-dependent; \u003cstrong data-start=\"7720\" data-end=\"7757\"\u003eactivin can be tumour-suppressive\u003c\/strong\u003e in some tissues—\u003cstrong data-start=\"7774\" data-end=\"7832\"\u003echronic systemic follistatin may carry pro-tumour risk\u003c\/strong\u003e in susceptible settings; oncology use is \u003cstrong data-start=\"7874\" data-end=\"7909\"\u003econtra-indicated outside trials\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"7913\" data-end=\"8108\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"7915\" data-end=\"8108\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"7915\" data-end=\"7939\"\u003eVascular\/epithelial:\u003c\/strong\u003e Broad TGF-β-family antagonism raises theoretical risk of \u003cstrong data-start=\"7997\" data-end=\"8024\"\u003etelangiectasia\/bleeding\u003c\/strong\u003e seen with more potent ActRII-Fc agents; vigilance warranted though profiles differ.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"8110\" data-end=\"8139\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"8110\" data-end=\"8139\"\u003eComparative safety matrix\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"_tableContainer_sk2ct_1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"_tableWrapper_sk2ct_13 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"\u003e\n\u003ctable data-start=\"8141\" data-end=\"8684\" class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\"\u003e\n\u003cthead data-start=\"8141\" data-end=\"8240\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"8141\" data-end=\"8240\"\u003e\n\u003cth data-start=\"8141\" data-end=\"8151\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eConcern\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-start=\"8151\" data-end=\"8189\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eFollistatin-344 (FS-315 expression)\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-start=\"8189\" data-end=\"8211\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eAnti-myostatin mAbs\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-start=\"8211\" data-end=\"8240\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eActRII-Fc (ACE-031 class)\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody data-start=\"8259\" data-end=\"8684\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"8259\" data-end=\"8385\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"8259\" data-end=\"8276\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eLigand breadth\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"8276\" data-end=\"8317\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"8278\" data-end=\"8316\"\u003eMyostatin + activins (± some BMPs)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"8317\" data-end=\"8343\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"8319\" data-end=\"8342\"\u003eMyostatin-selective\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"8343\" data-end=\"8385\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"8345\" data-end=\"8383\"\u003eBroad (myostatin\/activins\/BMP9\/10)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"8386\" data-end=\"8450\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"8386\" data-end=\"8410\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eHypertrophy magnitude\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"8410\" data-end=\"8431\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eHigh (preclinical)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"8431\" data-end=\"8442\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eModerate\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"8442\" data-end=\"8450\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eHigh\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"8451\" data-end=\"8523\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"8451\" data-end=\"8477\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eRepro\/endocrine effects\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"8477\" data-end=\"8501\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"8479\" data-end=\"8500\"\u003eFSH ↓ (plausible)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"8501\" data-end=\"8511\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eMinimal\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"8511\" data-end=\"8523\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003ePossible\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"8524\" data-end=\"8603\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"8524\" data-end=\"8556\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eVascular AEs (telangiectasia)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"8556\" data-end=\"8570\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eTheoretical\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"8570\" data-end=\"8577\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eRare\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"8577\" data-end=\"8603\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"8579\" data-end=\"8601\"\u003eObserved in trials\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"8604\" data-end=\"8684\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"8604\" data-end=\"8626\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eImmunogenicity risk\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"8626\" data-end=\"8657\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eTransgene\/neo-epitopes (AAV)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"8657\" data-end=\"8672\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eLow–moderate\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"8672\" data-end=\"8684\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eModerate\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"8686\" data-end=\"8689\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-start=\"8691\" data-end=\"8717\"\u003e7. Regulatory Landscape\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul data-start=\"8719\" data-end=\"9018\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"8719\" data-end=\"8787\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"8721\" data-end=\"8787\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"8721\" data-end=\"8748\"\u003eNo approved indications\u003c\/strong\u003e for recombinant FS or \u003cstrong data-start=\"8771\" data-end=\"8784\"\u003eAAV-FS344\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"8788\" data-end=\"8913\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"8790\" data-end=\"8913\"\u003eEarly \u003cstrong data-start=\"8796\" data-end=\"8809\"\u003ephase 1\/2\u003c\/strong\u003e studies in neuromuscular disease inform dose-finding and safety; \u003cstrong data-start=\"8875\" data-end=\"8904\"\u003eno marketing applications\u003c\/strong\u003e filed.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"8914\" data-end=\"9018\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"8916\" data-end=\"9018\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"8916\" data-end=\"8926\"\u003eSport:\u003c\/strong\u003e Follistatin gene\/protein \u003cstrong data-start=\"8952\" data-end=\"8974\"\u003eprohibited by WADA\u003c\/strong\u003e under gene- and peptide-hormone categories.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"9020\" data-end=\"9023\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-start=\"9025\" data-end=\"9048\"\u003e8. Future Directions\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul data-start=\"9050\" data-end=\"9860\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"9050\" data-end=\"9225\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"9052\" data-end=\"9225\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"9052\" data-end=\"9076\"\u003eIsoform engineering:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong data-start=\"9077\" data-end=\"9094\"\u003eFS-315-biased\u003c\/strong\u003e or \u003cstrong data-start=\"9098\" data-end=\"9118\"\u003eligand-selective\u003c\/strong\u003e variants to preserve myostatin\/activin A neutralisation while \u003cstrong data-start=\"9181\" data-end=\"9200\"\u003esparing BMP9\/10\u003c\/strong\u003e (vascular) signalling.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"9226\" data-end=\"9376\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"9228\" data-end=\"9376\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"9228\" data-end=\"9252\"\u003eTargeted expression:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong data-start=\"9253\" data-end=\"9282\"\u003eMuscle-specific promoters\u003c\/strong\u003e, regulatable switches, or \u003cstrong data-start=\"9309\" data-end=\"9330\"\u003eregional delivery\u003c\/strong\u003e to limit systemic endocrine\/oncology risks.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"9377\" data-end=\"9558\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"9379\" data-end=\"9558\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"9379\" data-end=\"9408\"\u003eCombinatorial strategies:\u003c\/strong\u003e Pairing with \u003cstrong data-start=\"9422\" data-end=\"9445\"\u003eresistance training\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong data-start=\"9447\" data-end=\"9489\"\u003emitochondrial\/anti-inflammatory agents\u003c\/strong\u003e, or \u003cstrong data-start=\"9494\" data-end=\"9513\"\u003emetabolic drugs\u003c\/strong\u003e to improve function while minimising dose.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"9559\" data-end=\"9752\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"9561\" data-end=\"9752\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"9561\" data-end=\"9584\"\u003eClinical endpoints:\u003c\/strong\u003e Standardised \u003cstrong data-start=\"9598\" data-end=\"9652\"\u003estrength (MVC), function (6MWT), MRI muscle volume\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong data-start=\"9658\" data-end=\"9672\"\u003ebiomarkers\u003c\/strong\u003e(circulating activin A, phospho-SMAD2\/3) to prove mechanism and benefit–risk.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"9753\" data-end=\"9860\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"9755\" data-end=\"9860\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"9755\" data-end=\"9782\"\u003eLong-term surveillance:\u003c\/strong\u003e Fertility, oncology, vascular and immune outcomes in gene-therapy recipients.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"9862\" data-end=\"9865\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-start=\"9867\" data-end=\"9890\"\u003eSelected References\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul data-start=\"9892\" data-end=\"11012\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"9892\" data-end=\"10024\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"9894\" data-end=\"10024\"\u003eMendell J.R. et al. \u003cstrong data-start=\"9914\" data-end=\"9947\"\u003eAAV1-Follistatin gene therapy\u003c\/strong\u003e in muscular dystrophy: safety and functional signals. \u003cem data-start=\"10002\" data-end=\"10021\"\u003eMolecular Therapy\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"10025\" data-end=\"10176\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"10027\" data-end=\"10176\"\u003eHaidet A.M. et al. \u003cstrong data-start=\"10046\" data-end=\"10099\"\u003eFollistatin-mediated myostatin\/activin inhibition\u003c\/strong\u003e promotes muscle growth and regeneration. \u003cem data-start=\"10141\" data-end=\"10173\"\u003eScience Translational Medicine\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"10177\" data-end=\"10271\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"10179\" data-end=\"10271\"\u003eLee S.J., McPherron A. \u003cstrong data-start=\"10202\" data-end=\"10231\"\u003eMyostatin pathway biology\u003c\/strong\u003e and muscle mass regulation. \u003cem data-start=\"10260\" data-end=\"10268\"\u003eNature\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"10272\" data-end=\"10387\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"10274\" data-end=\"10387\"\u003eNakamura T., Sugino K. \u003cstrong data-start=\"10297\" data-end=\"10327\"\u003eFollistatin–activin system\u003c\/strong\u003e: structure, binding, and physiology. \u003cem data-start=\"10365\" data-end=\"10384\"\u003eEndocrine Reviews\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"10388\" data-end=\"10510\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"10390\" data-end=\"10510\"\u003eWinbanks C.E. et al. \u003cstrong data-start=\"10411\" data-end=\"10459\"\u003eFS overexpression improves metabolic profile\u003c\/strong\u003e and muscle in obesity models. \u003cem data-start=\"10490\" data-end=\"10507\"\u003eCell Metabolism\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"10511\" data-end=\"10625\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"10513\" data-end=\"10625\"\u003eAttisano L., Wrana J.L. \u003cstrong data-start=\"10537\" data-end=\"10573\"\u003eTGF-β\/activin–SMAD2\/3 signalling\u003c\/strong\u003e in development and disease. \u003cem data-start=\"10602\" data-end=\"10622\"\u003eDevelopmental Cell\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"10626\" data-end=\"10741\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"10628\" data-end=\"10741\"\u003eChen J.L. et al. \u003cstrong data-start=\"10645\" data-end=\"10689\"\u003eSatellite-cell activation and myogenesis\u003c\/strong\u003e under activin\/myostatin restraint. \u003cem data-start=\"10725\" data-end=\"10738\"\u003eDevelopment\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"10742\" data-end=\"10877\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"10744\" data-end=\"10877\"\u003ePorrello E.R. et al. \u003cstrong data-start=\"10765\" data-end=\"10799\"\u003eCardiac remodelling modulation\u003c\/strong\u003e by TGF-β-family antagonism. \u003cem data-start=\"10828\" data-end=\"10874\"\u003eJournal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"10878\" data-end=\"11012\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"10880\" data-end=\"11012\"\u003eSchneyer A.L. et al. \u003cstrong data-start=\"10901\" data-end=\"10953\"\u003eReproductive axis effects of activin\/follistatin\u003c\/strong\u003e balance. \u003cem data-start=\"10963\" data-end=\"11011\"\u003eJournal of Clinical Endocrinology \u0026amp; Metabolism\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Mijn winkel","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52684869206354,"sku":"10","price":75.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1048\/0956\/2450\/files\/follistatin344_1mg.png?v=1770834962","url":"https:\/\/sciencepeptideslab.com\/products\/follistatin-344-1mg-vial","provider":"Science Peptides Lab","version":"1.0","type":"link"}