{"product_id":"gw-50186cardarine-60x10mg","title":"GW-501516(Cardarine) 100x10mg","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"392\" data-start=\"377\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 42, 0);\"\u003e                                               \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eNOT \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(255, 42, 0);\"\u003eFOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION\u003cmeta charset=\"UTF-8\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"\" data-end=\"960\" data-start=\"408\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"432\" data-start=\"408\"\u003eCardarine (GW501516)\u003c\/strong\u003e, also known as Endurobol. is a \u003cstrong data-end=\"134\" data-start=\"101\"\u003ehigh-affinity PPARβ\/δ agonist\u003c\/strong\u003e developed in the 1990s for \u003cstrong data-end=\"233\" data-start=\"162\"\u003edyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk reduction\u003c\/strong\u003e. PPARδ activation remodels \u003cstrong data-end=\"320\" data-start=\"261\"\u003eskeletal muscle, liver, adipose tissue, and macrophages\u003c\/strong\u003e toward \u003cstrong data-end=\"358\" data-start=\"328\"\u003efatty-acid oxidation (FAO)\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong data-end=\"397\" data-start=\"360\"\u003emitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α)\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong data-end=\"424\" data-start=\"403\"\u003eanti-inflammatory\u003c\/strong\u003e profiles. Development was halted after \u003cstrong data-end=\"498\" data-start=\"464\"\u003erodent carcinogenicity signals\u003c\/strong\u003e in long-term toxicology studies. GW501516 is \u003cstrong data-end=\"568\" data-start=\"544\"\u003enot FDA\/EMA approved\u003c\/strong\u003e, and all PPARδ agonists are \u003cstrong data-end=\"619\" data-start=\"597\"\u003eprohibited by WADA\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"625\" data-start=\"622\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-end=\"686\" data-start=\"627\"\u003eAdditional Benefits of GW501516 Now Under Investigation\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-end=\"2628\" data-start=\"688\"\u003e\n\u003cthead data-end=\"716\" data-start=\"688\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"716\" data-start=\"688\"\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"md\" data-end=\"698\" data-start=\"688\"\u003eBenefit\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"xl\" data-end=\"716\" data-start=\"698\"\u003eKey take-aways\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody data-end=\"2628\" data-start=\"727\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"990\" data-start=\"727\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\" data-end=\"783\" data-start=\"727\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"782\" data-start=\"729\"\u003e1 Endurance enhancement \u0026amp; metabolic reprogramming\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"xl\" data-end=\"990\" data-start=\"783\"\u003eStrong upregulation of \u003cstrong data-end=\"829\" data-start=\"808\"\u003eCPT-1, PDK4, UCP3\u003c\/strong\u003e, and oxidative myofiber gene sets; greatly improved \u003cstrong data-end=\"904\" data-start=\"882\"\u003etime-to-exhaustion\u003c\/strong\u003e in rodents—an “exercise mimetic” phenotype. \u0026lt;br\/\u0026gt;\u003cem data-end=\"988\" data-start=\"954\"\u003eCell Metabolism; Nature Medicine\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"1205\" data-start=\"991\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\" data-end=\"1018\" data-start=\"991\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"1017\" data-start=\"993\"\u003e2 Lipid optimization\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"xl\" data-end=\"1205\" data-start=\"1018\"\u003eMarked \u003cstrong data-end=\"1035\" data-start=\"1027\"\u003eTG ↓\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong data-end=\"1047\" data-start=\"1037\"\u003eVLDL ↓\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong data-end=\"1058\" data-start=\"1049\"\u003eHDL ↑\u003c\/strong\u003e, improved \u003cstrong data-end=\"1088\" data-start=\"1069\"\u003eapoA-I dynamics\u003c\/strong\u003e, and reduced foam-cell formation—mechanistically attractive for atherosclerosis. \u0026lt;br\/\u0026gt;\u003cem data-end=\"1203\" data-start=\"1175\"\u003eATVB; Circulation Research\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"1408\" data-start=\"1206\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\" data-end=\"1256\" data-start=\"1206\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"1255\" data-start=\"1208\"\u003e3 Insulin sensitivity \u0026amp; glucose homeostasis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"1408\" data-start=\"1256\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003eBetter \u003cstrong data-end=\"1276\" data-start=\"1265\"\u003eHOMA-IR\u003c\/strong\u003e, increased \u003cstrong data-end=\"1302\" data-start=\"1288\"\u003emuscle FAO\u003c\/strong\u003e, reduced hepatic steatosis, enhanced \u003cstrong data-end=\"1358\" data-start=\"1340\"\u003eglucose uptake\u003c\/strong\u003e under insulin stimulation. \u0026lt;br\/\u0026gt;\u003cem data-end=\"1406\" data-start=\"1391\"\u003eDiabetes; JCI\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"1600\" data-start=\"1409\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\" data-end=\"1447\" data-start=\"1409\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"1446\" data-start=\"1411\"\u003e4 Liver protection (NAFLD\/MASH)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"1600\" data-start=\"1447\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003eDecreases \u003cstrong data-end=\"1474\" data-start=\"1459\"\u003ehepatic fat\u003c\/strong\u003e, downregulates lipogenesis (SREBP-1c) and inflammation\/fibrosis signals (TNF-α, TGF-β). \u0026lt;br\/\u0026gt;\u003cem data-end=\"1598\" data-start=\"1568\"\u003eHepatology; Gastroenterology\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"1815\" data-start=\"1601\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\" data-end=\"1647\" data-start=\"1601\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"1646\" data-start=\"1603\"\u003e5 Cardiovascular \u0026amp; endothelial benefits\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"1815\" data-start=\"1647\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003e↑ \u003cstrong data-end=\"1662\" data-start=\"1651\"\u003eeNOS\/NO\u003c\/strong\u003e, ↓ \u003cstrong data-end=\"1683\" data-start=\"1666\"\u003eVCAM-1\/ICAM-1\u003c\/strong\u003e, improves vascular relaxation, reduces atherosclerotic area in hyperlipidemic models. \u0026lt;br\/\u0026gt;\u003cem data-end=\"1813\" data-start=\"1775\"\u003eCirculation; Cardiovascular Research\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"2008\" data-start=\"1816\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\" data-end=\"1862\" data-start=\"1816\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"1861\" data-start=\"1818\"\u003e6 Anti-inflammatory \u0026amp; immune modulation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"2008\" data-start=\"1862\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003eRepresses \u003cstrong data-end=\"1888\" data-start=\"1874\"\u003eNF-κB\/AP-1\u003c\/strong\u003e cytokine cascades; shifts macrophages away from inflammatory phenotype; improves colitis indicators. \u0026lt;br\/\u0026gt;\u003cem data-end=\"2006\" data-start=\"1995\"\u003ePNAS; Gut\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"2225\" data-start=\"2009\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\" data-end=\"2046\" data-start=\"2009\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"2045\" data-start=\"2011\"\u003e7 Renal \u0026amp; pulmonary protection\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"2225\" data-start=\"2046\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003eReduces fibrosis and oxidative injury in \u003cstrong data-end=\"2127\" data-start=\"2089\"\u003eischemia-reperfusion kidney injury\u003c\/strong\u003e, and mitigates \u003cstrong data-end=\"2169\" data-start=\"2143\"\u003epulmonary hypertension\u003c\/strong\u003e\/remodeling in PAH models. \u0026lt;br\/\u0026gt;\u003cem data-end=\"2223\" data-start=\"2201\"\u003eKidney Int; AJP Lung\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"2418\" data-start=\"2226\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\" data-end=\"2270\" data-start=\"2226\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"2269\" data-start=\"2228\"\u003e8 Neuroprotection \u0026amp; cognitive signals\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"2418\" data-start=\"2270\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003eImproves mitochondrial efficiency and reduces microglial inflammation; modest benefits in toxin\/aging models. \u0026lt;br\/\u0026gt;\u003cem data-end=\"2416\" data-start=\"2387\"\u003eNeurobiology of Aging; Glia\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"2628\" data-start=\"2419\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"md\" data-end=\"2468\" data-start=\"2419\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"2467\" data-start=\"2421\"\u003e9 Metabolic flexibility under caloric load\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"2628\" data-start=\"2468\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003eEnhances lipid oxidation during fasting\/exercise and preserves glycaemic stability—attractive for metabolic-syndrome models. \u0026lt;br\/\u0026gt;\u003cem data-end=\"2626\" data-start=\"2600\"\u003eCell Reports; Metabolism\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"2633\" data-start=\"2630\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-end=\"2670\" data-start=\"2635\"\u003e2. Molecular Mechanism of Action\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-end=\"2707\" data-start=\"2672\"\u003e2.1 Receptor pharmacodynamics\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul data-end=\"3120\" data-start=\"2708\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"2840\" data-start=\"2708\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"2840\" data-start=\"2710\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"2729\" data-start=\"2710\"\u003ePPARβ\/δ agonist\u003c\/strong\u003e → heterodimerizes with \u003cstrong data-end=\"2760\" data-start=\"2753\"\u003eRXR\u003c\/strong\u003e → binds \u003cstrong data-end=\"2777\" data-start=\"2769\"\u003ePPRE\u003c\/strong\u003e → induces FAO, mitochondrial, and oxidative-gene expression.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"2911\" data-start=\"2841\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"2911\" data-start=\"2843\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"2871\" data-start=\"2843\"\u003eFAO\/mitochondrial genes:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong data-end=\"2908\" data-start=\"2872\"\u003ePGC-1α, CPT-1, ACOX1, UCP3, PDK4\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"3024\" data-start=\"2912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"3024\" data-start=\"2914\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"2944\" data-start=\"2914\"\u003eAnti-inflammatory effects:\u003c\/strong\u003e Transrepression of \u003cstrong data-end=\"2978\" data-start=\"2964\"\u003eNF-κB\/AP-1\u003c\/strong\u003e, reducing cytokines and adhesion molecules.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"3120\" data-start=\"3025\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"3120\" data-start=\"3027\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"3057\" data-start=\"3027\"\u003eMacrophage lipid handling:\u003c\/strong\u003e ↑ \u003cstrong data-end=\"3075\" data-start=\"3060\"\u003eABCA1\/ABCG1\u003c\/strong\u003e → cholesterol efflux; ↓ foam-cell formation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-end=\"3149\" data-start=\"3122\"\u003e2.2 Down-stream biology\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-end=\"3578\" data-start=\"3151\"\u003e\n\u003cthead data-end=\"3193\" data-start=\"3151\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"3193\" data-start=\"3151\"\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"3161\" data-start=\"3151\"\u003ePathway\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"3182\" data-start=\"3161\"\u003eFunctional outcome\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"3193\" data-start=\"3182\"\u003eContext\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody data-end=\"3578\" data-start=\"3208\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"3290\" data-start=\"3208\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"3233\" data-start=\"3208\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"3232\" data-start=\"3210\"\u003ePGC-1α–FAO program\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"3271\" data-start=\"3233\"\u003e↑ fatty-acid oxidation, ↑ endurance\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"3290\" data-start=\"3271\"\u003eSkeletal muscle\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"3363\" data-start=\"3291\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"3309\" data-start=\"3291\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"3308\" data-start=\"3293\"\u003eABCA1\/ABCG1\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"3348\" data-start=\"3309\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eCholesterol efflux, anti-atherogenic\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"3363\" data-start=\"3348\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eMacrophages\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"3439\" data-start=\"3364\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"3391\" data-start=\"3364\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"3390\" data-start=\"3366\"\u003eNF-κB\/AP-1 restraint\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"3418\" data-start=\"3391\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e↓ cytokines\/inflammation\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"3439\" data-start=\"3418\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eVascular \u0026amp; immune\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"3504\" data-start=\"3440\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"3462\" data-start=\"3440\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"3461\" data-start=\"3442\"\u003eeNOS activation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"3491\" data-start=\"3462\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e↑ NO, endothelial function\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"3504\" data-start=\"3491\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eCV system\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"3578\" data-start=\"3505\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"3533\" data-start=\"3505\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"3532\" data-start=\"3507\"\u003eAnti-fibrotic (TGF-β)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"3557\" data-start=\"3533\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e↓ collagen deposition\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"3578\" data-start=\"3557\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eLiver\/kidney\/lung\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"3583\" data-start=\"3580\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-end=\"3638\" data-start=\"3585\"\u003e3. Pharmacokinetics (preclinical \u0026amp; early clinical)\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul data-end=\"3971\" data-start=\"3640\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"3660\" data-start=\"3640\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"3660\" data-start=\"3642\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"3652\" data-start=\"3642\"\u003eRoute:\u003c\/strong\u003e Oral.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"3740\" data-start=\"3661\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"3740\" data-start=\"3663\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"3677\" data-start=\"3663\"\u003eHalf-life:\u003c\/strong\u003e Estimated \u003cstrong data-end=\"3699\" data-start=\"3688\"\u003e12–24 h\u003c\/strong\u003e in animals; human PK poorly published.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"3806\" data-start=\"3741\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"3806\" data-start=\"3743\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"3758\" data-start=\"3743\"\u003eAbsorption:\u003c\/strong\u003e Good oral bioavailability; highly lipophilic.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"3887\" data-start=\"3807\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"3887\" data-start=\"3809\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"3826\" data-start=\"3809\"\u003eDistribution:\u003c\/strong\u003e Wide tissue distribution with liver and muscle enrichment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"3971\" data-start=\"3888\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"3971\" data-start=\"3890\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"3905\" data-start=\"3890\"\u003eMetabolism:\u003c\/strong\u003e Hepatic oxidative metabolism (CYP-mediated, details unpublished).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"3976\" data-start=\"3973\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-end=\"4000\" data-start=\"3978\"\u003e4. Evidence Summary\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul data-end=\"4407\" data-start=\"4002\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"4142\" data-start=\"4002\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"4142\" data-start=\"4004\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"4026\" data-start=\"4004\"\u003eMetabolic disease:\u003c\/strong\u003e Strong rodent evidence for \u003cstrong data-end=\"4079\" data-start=\"4054\"\u003einsulin sensitization\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong data-end=\"4114\" data-start=\"4081\"\u003eglucose-tolerance improvement\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong data-end=\"4139\" data-start=\"4120\"\u003eNAFLD reduction\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"4219\" data-start=\"4143\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"4219\" data-start=\"4145\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"4160\" data-start=\"4145\"\u003eCV disease:\u003c\/strong\u003e Reduced atherosclerosis and improved endothelial health.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"4318\" data-start=\"4220\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"4318\" data-start=\"4222\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"4246\" data-start=\"4222\"\u003eExercise physiology:\u003c\/strong\u003e Profound endurance gains in rodents via metabolic gene reprogramming.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"4407\" data-start=\"4319\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"4407\" data-start=\"4321\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"4338\" data-start=\"4321\"\u003eHuman trials:\u003c\/strong\u003e Only \u003cstrong data-end=\"4368\" data-start=\"4344\"\u003eshort Phase 1 safety\u003c\/strong\u003e studies; no efficacy trials completed.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cblockquote data-end=\"4593\" data-start=\"4409\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"4593\" data-start=\"4411\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"4437\" data-start=\"4411\"\u003eEvidence quality note:\u003c\/strong\u003e Extensive \u003cstrong data-end=\"4474\" data-start=\"4448\"\u003eanimal and mechanistic\u003c\/strong\u003e literature but \u003cstrong data-end=\"4521\" data-start=\"4490\"\u003eno validated human efficacy\u003c\/strong\u003e. Long-term rodent carcinogenicity at high exposures halted development.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"4598\" data-start=\"4595\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-end=\"4646\" data-start=\"4600\"\u003e5. Emerging Clinical Interests (conceptual)\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-end=\"5100\" data-start=\"4648\"\u003e\n\u003cthead data-end=\"4678\" data-start=\"4648\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"4678\" data-start=\"4648\"\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"4656\" data-start=\"4648\"\u003eField\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"4668\" data-start=\"4656\"\u003eRationale\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"4678\" data-start=\"4668\"\u003eStatus\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody data-end=\"5100\" data-start=\"4693\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"4775\" data-start=\"4693\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"4722\" data-start=\"4693\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"4721\" data-start=\"4695\"\u003eMetabolic syndrome\/T2D\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"4752\" data-start=\"4722\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eFAO + insulin sensitivity ↑\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"4775\" data-start=\"4752\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eConcept\/preclinical\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"4845\" data-start=\"4776\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"4793\" data-start=\"4776\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"4792\" data-start=\"4778\"\u003eNAFLD\/MASH\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"4830\" data-start=\"4793\"\u003eLipid handling + anti-inflammatory\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"4845\" data-start=\"4830\"\u003ePreclinical\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"4929\" data-start=\"4846\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"4883\" data-start=\"4846\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"4882\" data-start=\"4848\"\u003eAtherosclerosis\/CVD prevention\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"4914\" data-start=\"4883\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eEfflux + endothelial support\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"4929\" data-start=\"4914\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003ePreclinical\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"4982\" data-start=\"4930\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"4949\" data-start=\"4930\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"4948\" data-start=\"4932\"\u003ePAH\/fibrosis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"4967\" data-start=\"4949\"\u003eAnti-remodeling\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"4982\" data-start=\"4967\"\u003ePreclinical\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"5036\" data-start=\"4983\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"5001\" data-start=\"4983\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"5000\" data-start=\"4985\"\u003eIBD\/colitis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"5021\" data-start=\"5001\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eImmune modulation\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"5036\" data-start=\"5021\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003ePreclinical\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"5100\" data-start=\"5037\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"5061\" data-start=\"5037\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"5060\" data-start=\"5039\"\u003eNeurodegeneration\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"5085\" data-start=\"5061\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eMitochondrial support\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"5100\" data-start=\"5085\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003ePreclinical\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"5105\" data-start=\"5102\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-end=\"5134\" data-start=\"5107\"\u003e6. Safety \u0026amp; Tolerability\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-end=\"5158\" data-start=\"5136\"\u003e6.1 Known\/observed\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul data-end=\"5384\" data-start=\"5159\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"5281\" data-start=\"5159\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"5281\" data-start=\"5161\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"5192\" data-start=\"5161\"\u003eShort-term (human Phase 1):\u003c\/strong\u003e Generally \u003cstrong data-end=\"5221\" data-start=\"5203\"\u003ewell tolerated\u003c\/strong\u003e, mild \u003cstrong data-end=\"5240\" data-start=\"5228\"\u003eheadache\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong data-end=\"5252\" data-start=\"5242\"\u003enausea\u003c\/strong\u003e, or \u003cstrong data-end=\"5278\" data-start=\"5257\"\u003eURI-like symptoms\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"5384\" data-start=\"5282\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"5384\" data-start=\"5284\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"5306\" data-start=\"5284\"\u003eMetabolic effects:\u003c\/strong\u003e Beneficial lipids\/glucose signals in animals; unknown long-term human impact.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-end=\"5435\" data-start=\"5386\"\u003e6.2 Major concern: \u003cstrong data-end=\"5435\" data-start=\"5409\"\u003erodent carcinogenicity\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul data-end=\"5667\" data-start=\"5436\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"5583\" data-start=\"5436\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"5583\" data-start=\"5438\"\u003eLong-term GLP toxicology in multiple species showed \u003cstrong data-end=\"5531\" data-start=\"5490\"\u003erapid, high-incidence tumor formation\u003c\/strong\u003e across various tissues at pharma-scale exposures.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"5667\" data-start=\"5584\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"5667\" data-start=\"5586\"\u003eMechanism unclear; may relate to \u003cstrong data-end=\"5650\" data-start=\"5619\"\u003ePPARδ’s proliferative roles\u003c\/strong\u003e in some tissues.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-end=\"5716\" data-start=\"5669\"\u003e6.3 Additional risks (theoretical\/observed)\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul data-end=\"6010\" data-start=\"5717\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"5789\" data-start=\"5717\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"5789\" data-start=\"5719\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"5770\" data-start=\"5719\"\u003eCarcinogenesis via β-catenin\/TGF-β interactions\u003c\/strong\u003e (class concern).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"5892\" data-start=\"5790\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"5892\" data-start=\"5792\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"5826\" data-start=\"5792\"\u003eCardiac hypertrophy\/arrhythmia\u003c\/strong\u003e signals absent in rodents but insufficiently studied in humans.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"5929\" data-start=\"5893\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"5929\" data-start=\"5895\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"5912\" data-start=\"5895\"\u003eHepatic drift\u003c\/strong\u003e at high doses.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"6010\" data-start=\"5930\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"6010\" data-start=\"5932\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"5954\" data-start=\"5932\"\u003eSport\/anti-doping:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong data-end=\"5978\" data-start=\"5955\"\u003eStrictly prohibited\u003c\/strong\u003e by WADA (metabolic modulators).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"6042\" data-start=\"6012\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"6042\" data-start=\"6012\"\u003eComparative matrix (class)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-end=\"6354\" data-start=\"6044\"\u003e\n\u003cthead data-end=\"6109\" data-start=\"6044\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"6109\" data-start=\"6044\"\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"6054\" data-start=\"6044\"\u003eFeature\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"6069\" data-start=\"6054\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"6068\" data-start=\"6056\"\u003eGW501516\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"6082\" data-start=\"6069\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"6081\" data-start=\"6071\"\u003eGW0742\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"6109\" data-start=\"6082\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"6107\" data-start=\"6084\"\u003eFenofibrate (PPARα)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody data-end=\"6354\" data-start=\"6128\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"6166\" data-start=\"6128\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"6137\" data-start=\"6128\"\u003eTarget\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"6149\" data-start=\"6137\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"6148\" data-start=\"6139\"\u003ePPARδ\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"6157\" data-start=\"6149\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003ePPARδ\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"6166\" data-start=\"6157\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003ePPARα\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"6222\" data-start=\"6167\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"6184\" data-start=\"6167\"\u003eHuman approval\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"6195\" data-start=\"6184\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"6194\" data-start=\"6186\"\u003eNone\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"6202\" data-start=\"6195\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eNone\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"6222\" data-start=\"6202\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-end=\"6211\" data-start=\"6204\"\u003eYes\u003c\/strong\u003e (lipids)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"6299\" data-start=\"6223\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"6241\" data-start=\"6223\"\u003eCarcinogenicity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"6268\" data-start=\"6241\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"6267\" data-start=\"6243\"\u003eStrong rodent signal\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"6278\" data-start=\"6268\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eUnknown\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"6299\" data-start=\"6278\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eNo δ-class signal\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-end=\"6354\" data-start=\"6300\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-col-size=\"sm\" data-end=\"6320\" data-start=\"6300\"\u003eMetabolic effects\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"6333\" data-start=\"6320\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"6332\" data-start=\"6322\"\u003eStrong\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"6342\" data-start=\"6333\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eStrong\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-end=\"6354\" data-start=\"6342\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eModerate\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"6359\" data-start=\"6356\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-end=\"6387\" data-start=\"6361\"\u003e7. Regulatory Landscape\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul data-end=\"6577\" data-start=\"6389\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"6426\" data-start=\"6389\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"6426\" data-start=\"6391\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"6407\" data-start=\"6391\"\u003eNot approved\u003c\/strong\u003e by FDA\/EMA\/PMDA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"6491\" data-start=\"6427\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"6491\" data-start=\"6429\"\u003eDevelopment discontinued due to \u003cstrong data-end=\"6477\" data-start=\"6461\"\u003eoncogenicity\u003c\/strong\u003e in animals.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"6533\" data-start=\"6492\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"6533\" data-start=\"6494\"\u003eRemains a \u003cstrong data-end=\"6521\" data-start=\"6504\"\u003eresearch-only\u003c\/strong\u003e compound.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"6577\" data-start=\"6534\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"6577\" data-start=\"6536\"\u003eAll PPARδ agonists = \u003cstrong data-end=\"6576\" data-start=\"6557\"\u003eWADA prohibited\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"6582\" data-start=\"6579\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-end=\"6624\" data-start=\"6584\"\u003e8. Practical Take \u0026amp; Future Directions\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul data-end=\"7198\" data-start=\"6626\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"6709\" data-start=\"6626\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"6709\" data-start=\"6628\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"6650\" data-start=\"6628\"\u003eNo human self-use.\u003c\/strong\u003e Safety window unknown; serious carcinogenicity concerns.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"7041\" data-start=\"6710\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"6738\" data-start=\"6712\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"6736\" data-start=\"6712\"\u003eResearch directions:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-end=\"7041\" data-start=\"6741\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"6844\" data-start=\"6741\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"6844\" data-start=\"6743\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"6768\" data-start=\"6743\"\u003eBiased PPARδ agonists\u003c\/strong\u003e that retain FAO\/mitochondrial benefits while reducing proliferative risk.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"6934\" data-start=\"6847\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"6934\" data-start=\"6849\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"6868\" data-start=\"6849\"\u003eTissue-targeted\u003c\/strong\u003e δ agonists (e.g., muscle-selective) to avoid systemic exposure.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"7041\" data-start=\"6937\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"7041\" data-start=\"6939\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"6954\" data-start=\"6939\"\u003eCombination\u003c\/strong\u003e with GLP-1\/GIP agonists or AMPK activators for metabolic synergy if safety improved.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"7198\" data-start=\"7042\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"7198\" data-start=\"7044\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"7084\" data-start=\"7044\"\u003eTrial considerations (hypothetical):\u003c\/strong\u003e Require \u003cstrong data-end=\"7121\" data-start=\"7093\"\u003elow-dose, short exposure\u003c\/strong\u003e, intense \u003cstrong data-end=\"7155\" data-start=\"7131\"\u003eoncologic monitoring\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong data-end=\"7181\" data-start=\"7161\"\u003ebiomarker-driven\u003c\/strong\u003e go\/no-go gating.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"7203\" data-start=\"7200\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-end=\"7228\" data-start=\"7205\"\u003eSelected References\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul data-end=\"7829\" data-start=\"7230\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"7319\" data-start=\"7230\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"7319\" data-start=\"7232\"\u003e\u003cem data-end=\"7266\" data-start=\"7232\"\u003eCell Metabolism; Nature Medicine\u003c\/em\u003e — PPARδ-driven endurance and metabolic remodeling.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"7437\" data-start=\"7320\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"7437\" data-start=\"7322\"\u003e\u003cem data-end=\"7375\" data-start=\"7322\"\u003eATVB; Circulation Research; Cardiovascular Research\u003c\/em\u003e — Lipid and atheroprotective effects; endothelial function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"7503\" data-start=\"7438\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"7503\" data-start=\"7440\"\u003e\u003cem data-end=\"7455\" data-start=\"7440\"\u003eDiabetes; JCI\u003c\/em\u003e — Insulin-sensitizing and NAFLD improvements.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"7588\" data-start=\"7504\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"7588\" data-start=\"7506\"\u003e\u003cem data-end=\"7536\" data-start=\"7506\"\u003eHepatology; Gastroenterology\u003c\/em\u003e — Anti-steatotic\/anti-inflammatory liver results.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"7655\" data-start=\"7589\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"7655\" data-start=\"7591\"\u003e\u003cem data-end=\"7602\" data-start=\"7591\"\u003ePNAS; Gut\u003c\/em\u003e — Immune\/NF-κB transrepression and colitis relief.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"7731\" data-start=\"7656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"7731\" data-start=\"7658\"\u003e\u003cem data-end=\"7690\" data-start=\"7658\"\u003eKidney International; AJP Lung\u003c\/em\u003e — Kidney\/lung fibrosis and remodeling.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"7829\" data-start=\"7732\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"7829\" data-start=\"7734\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"7761\" data-start=\"7734\"\u003eGLP toxicology datasets\u003c\/strong\u003e summarizing carcinogenicity outcomes (industry\/EMA briefing notes).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Mijn winkel","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52684865405266,"sku":null,"price":60.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1048\/0956\/2450\/files\/GW501516_10mg.png?v=1770834938","url":"https:\/\/sciencepeptideslab.com\/products\/gw-50186cardarine-60x10mg","provider":"Science Peptides Lab","version":"1.0","type":"link"}