{"product_id":"humanin-10mg-vial","title":"Humanin 10mg vial","description":"\u003ch3 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"114\"\u003eHumanin \u0026amp; Humanin-Analogues \u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"116\" data-end=\"119\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-start=\"121\" data-end=\"158\"\u003e1 Documented and Proposed Benefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"_tableContainer_80l1q_1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"_tableWrapper_80l1q_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"\u003e\n\u003ctable data-start=\"160\" data-end=\"2369\" class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\"\u003e\n\u003cthead data-start=\"160\" data-end=\"241\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"160\" data-end=\"241\"\u003e\n\u003cth data-start=\"160\" data-end=\"194\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003ePhysiological \/ Clinical Domain\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-start=\"194\" data-end=\"220\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003eRepresentative Findings\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-start=\"220\" data-end=\"241\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody data-start=\"323\" data-end=\"2369\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"323\" data-end=\"663\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"323\" data-end=\"346\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"325\" data-end=\"345\"\u003eNeuro-protection\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"346\" data-end=\"622\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003e• Blocks amyloid-β, glutamate and prion toxicity in cultured neurons.\u003cbr\u003e• Prevents cognitive decline and lowers hippocampal Aβ in APP\/PS1 and other AD-mouse lines.\u003cbr\u003e• Reduces infarct volume and improves functional outcome after middle-cerebral-artery occlusion (stroke).\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"622\" data-end=\"663\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"664\" data-end=\"982\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"664\" data-end=\"688\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"687\"\u003eCardio-protection\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"688\" data-end=\"941\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003e• S14G-Humanin (HNG) limits infarct size in acute I\/R models and improves mitochondrial function.\u003cbr\u003e• Chronic HNG therapy delays structural remodelling and preserves ejection fraction in pressure-overload or isoproterenol-induced heart-failure mice.\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"941\" data-end=\"982\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"983\" data-end=\"1264\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"983\" data-end=\"1010\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"985\" data-end=\"1009\"\u003eMetabolic \/ Diabetes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"1010\" data-end=\"1223\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003e• Enhances systemic and hepatic insulin sensitivity; restores AKT signalling; lowers fasting glucose in obese\/diabetic rodents.\u003cbr\u003e• Protects pancreatic β-cells and blocks islet amyloid polypeptide aggregation.\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"1223\" data-end=\"1264\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"1265\" data-end=\"1459\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"1265\" data-end=\"1277\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"1267\" data-end=\"1276\"\u003eRenal\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"1277\" data-end=\"1418\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003e• Humanin and HNG attenuate tubular apoptosis, preserve bioenergetics and curb the AKI→CKD transition in sepsis- and cisplatin-AKI models.\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"1418\" data-end=\"1459\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"1460\" data-end=\"1726\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"1460\" data-end=\"1493\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"1462\" data-end=\"1492\"\u003eVascular \/ Atherosclerosis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"1493\" data-end=\"1685\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003e• Lowers endothelial ROS via NOX2 suppression, improves nitric-oxide bioavailability; circulating HN inversely correlates with CAD severity and predicts major adverse cardiac events (MACE).\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"1685\" data-end=\"1726\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"1727\" data-end=\"1980\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"1727\" data-end=\"1769\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"1729\" data-end=\"1768\"\u003eSkeletal Growth \u0026amp; Bone Preservation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"1769\" data-end=\"1939\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003e• Recombinant HN rescues TNF-suppressed human growth-plate cartilage and protects metatarsal bones from glucocorticoid or venetoclax growth-impairment ex vivo\/in vivo.\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"1939\" data-end=\"1980\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"1981\" data-end=\"2166\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"1981\" data-end=\"2014\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"1983\" data-end=\"2013\"\u003eImmune \/ Anti-inflammatory\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"2014\" data-end=\"2125\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003e• N-formyl HN engages FPR2 on leukocytes, driving resolution-phase chemotaxis and dampening cytokine output.\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"2125\" data-end=\"2166\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"2167\" data-end=\"2369\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"2167\" data-end=\"2193\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"2169\" data-end=\"2192\"\u003eLongevity Biomarker\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"2193\" data-end=\"2328\" data-col-size=\"xl\"\u003e• P3S missense variant in \u003cem data-start=\"2221\" data-end=\"2230\"\u003eMT-RNR2\u003c\/em\u003e enriches in centenarians; circulating HN declines with age and multiple age-related pathologies.\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"2328\" data-end=\"2369\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cbutton aria-label=\"Tabel kopiëren\" class=\"hover:bg-token-bg-tertiary text-token-text-secondary my-1 rounded-sm p-1 transition-opacity group-[:not(:hover):not(:focus-within)]:pointer-events-none group-[:not(:hover):not(:focus-within)]:opacity-0\"\u003e\u003csvg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewbox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"icon\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M12.668 10.667C12.668 9.95614 12.668 9.46258 12.6367 9.0791C12.6137 8.79732 12.5758 8.60761 12.5244 8.46387L12.4688 8.33399C12.3148 8.03193 12.0803 7.77885 11.793 7.60254L11.666 7.53125C11.508 7.45087 11.2963 7.39395 10.9209 7.36328C10.5374 7.33197 10.0439 7.33203 9.33301 7.33203H6.5C5.78896 7.33203 5.29563 7.33195 4.91211 7.36328C4.63016 7.38632 4.44065 7.42413 4.29688 7.47559L4.16699 7.53125C3.86488 7.68518 3.61186 7.9196 3.43555 8.20703L3.36524 8.33399C3.28478 8.49198 3.22795 8.70352 3.19727 9.0791C3.16595 9.46259 3.16504 9.95611 3.16504 10.667V13.5C3.16504 14.211 3.16593 14.7044 3.19727 15.0879C3.22797 15.4636 3.28473 15.675 3.36524 15.833L3.43555 15.959C3.61186 16.2466 3.86474 16.4807 4.16699 16.6348L4.29688 16.6914C4.44063 16.7428 4.63025 16.7797 4.91211 16.8027C5.29563 16.8341 5.78896 16.835 6.5 16.835H9.33301C10.0439 16.835 10.5374 16.8341 10.9209 16.8027C11.2965 16.772 11.508 16.7152 11.666 16.6348L11.793 16.5645C12.0804 16.3881 12.3148 16.1351 12.4688 15.833L12.5244 15.7031C12.5759 15.5594 12.6137 15.3698 12.6367 15.0879C12.6681 14.7044 12.668 14.211 12.668 13.5V10.667ZM13.998 12.665C14.4528 12.6634 14.8011 12.6602 15.0879 12.6367C15.4635 12.606 15.675 12.5492 15.833 12.4688L15.959 12.3975C16.2466 12.2211 16.4808 11.9682 16.6348 11.666L16.6914 11.5361C16.7428 11.3924 16.7797 11.2026 16.8027 10.9209C16.8341 10.5374 16.835 10.0439 16.835 9.33301V6.5C16.835 5.78896 16.8341 5.29563 16.8027 4.91211C16.7797 4.63025 16.7428 4.44063 16.6914 4.29688L16.6348 4.16699C16.4807 3.86474 16.2466 3.61186 15.959 3.43555L15.833 3.36524C15.675 3.28473 15.4636 3.22797 15.0879 3.19727C14.7044 3.16593 14.211 3.16504 13.5 3.16504H10.667C9.9561 3.16504 9.46259 3.16595 9.0791 3.19727C8.79739 3.22028 8.6076 3.2572 8.46387 3.30859L8.33399 3.36524C8.03176 3.51923 7.77886 3.75343 7.60254 4.04102L7.53125 4.16699C7.4508 4.32498 7.39397 4.53655 7.36328 4.91211C7.33985 5.19893 7.33562 5.54719 7.33399 6.00195H9.33301C10.022 6.00195 10.5791 6.00131 11.0293 6.03809C11.4873 6.07551 11.8937 6.15471 12.2705 6.34668L12.4883 6.46875C12.984 6.7728 13.3878 7.20854 13.6533 7.72949L13.7197 7.87207C13.8642 8.20859 13.9292 8.56974 13.9619 8.9707C13.9987 9.42092 13.998 9.97799 13.998 10.667V12.665ZM18.165 9.33301C18.165 10.022 18.1657 10.5791 18.1289 11.0293C18.0961 11.4302 18.0311 11.7914 17.8867 12.1279L17.8203 12.2705C17.5549 12.7914 17.1509 13.2272 16.6553 13.5313L16.4365 13.6533C16.0599 13.8452 15.6541 13.9245 15.1963 13.9619C14.8593 13.9895 14.4624 13.9935 13.9951 13.9951C13.9935 14.4624 13.9895 14.8593 13.9619 15.1963C13.9292 15.597 13.864 15.9576 13.7197 16.2939L13.6533 16.4365C13.3878 16.9576 12.9841 17.3941 12.4883 17.6982L12.2705 17.8203C11.8937 18.0123 11.4873 18.0915 11.0293 18.1289C10.5791 18.1657 10.022 18.165 9.33301 18.165H6.5C5.81091 18.165 5.25395 18.1657 4.80371 18.1289C4.40306 18.0962 4.04235 18.031 3.70606 17.8867L3.56348 17.8203C3.04244 17.5548 2.60585 17.151 2.30176 16.6553L2.17969 16.4365C1.98788 16.0599 1.90851 15.6541 1.87109 15.1963C1.83431 14.746 1.83496 14.1891 1.83496 13.5V10.667C1.83496 9.978 1.83432 9.42091 1.87109 8.9707C1.90851 8.5127 1.98772 8.10625 2.17969 7.72949L2.30176 7.51172C2.60586 7.0159 3.04236 6.6122 3.56348 6.34668L3.70606 6.28027C4.04237 6.136 4.40303 6.07083 4.80371 6.03809C5.14051 6.01057 5.53708 6.00551 6.00391 6.00391C6.00551 5.53708 6.01057 5.14051 6.03809 4.80371C6.0755 4.34588 6.15483 3.94012 6.34668 3.56348L6.46875 3.34473C6.77282 2.84912 7.20856 2.44514 7.72949 2.17969L7.87207 2.11328C8.20855 1.96886 8.56979 1.90385 8.9707 1.87109C9.42091 1.83432 9.978 1.83496 10.667 1.83496H13.5C14.1891 1.83496 14.746 1.83431 15.1963 1.87109C15.6541 1.90851 16.0599 1.98788 16.4365 2.17969L16.6553 2.30176C17.151 2.60585 17.5548 3.04244 17.8203 3.56348L17.8867 3.70606C18.031 4.04235 18.0962 4.40306 18.1289 4.80371C18.1657 5.25395 18.165 5.81091 18.165 6.5V9.33301Z\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\u003c\/svg\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"2371\" data-end=\"2374\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-start=\"2376\" data-end=\"2410\"\u003e2 Molecular \u0026amp; Genomic Context\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul data-start=\"2411\" data-end=\"2871\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"2411\" data-end=\"2673\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"2413\" data-end=\"2673\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"2413\" data-end=\"2435\"\u003eCanonical peptide:\u003c\/strong\u003e MAPRGFSCLLLLTSEIDLPVKRRA (24 aa) encoded by an in-frame ORF inside the mitochondrial 16S-rRNA gene (\u003cem data-start=\"2536\" data-end=\"2545\"\u003eMT-RNR2\u003c\/em\u003e). Multiple nuclear retrogenes (\u003cstrong data-start=\"2577\" data-end=\"2592\"\u003eMTRNR2L1-13\u003c\/strong\u003e) produce “humanin-like peptides” (HLPs).\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"2674\" data-end=\"2871\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"2676\" data-end=\"2871\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"2676\" data-end=\"2690\"\u003eSecretion:\u003c\/strong\u003e Translated within mitochondria, exported to cytosol and released unconventionally; plasma 0.1–2 ng mL⁻¹ in healthy adults, falling with age. \u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S001429992500264X?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" rel=\"noopener\" alt=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S001429992500264X?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" class=\"flex h-4.5 overflow-hidden rounded-xl px-2 text-[9px] font-medium text-token-text-secondary! bg-[#F4F4F4]! dark:bg-[#303030]! transition-colors duration-150 ease-in-out\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between overflow-hidden\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"max-w-full grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e3 Receptors \u0026amp; Intracellular Targets\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"_tableContainer_80l1q_1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"_tableWrapper_80l1q_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 247px;\" data-start=\"2920\" data-end=\"3752\" class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\"\u003e\n\u003cthead data-start=\"2920\" data-end=\"2966\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px;\" data-start=\"2920\" data-end=\"2966\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 16.467391%; height: 19px;\" data-start=\"2920\" data-end=\"2927\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eSite\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 50.896739%; height: 19px;\" data-start=\"2927\" data-end=\"2943\" data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eCore Evidence\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 28.8125%; height: 19px;\" data-start=\"2943\" data-end=\"2966\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eDown-stream Effects\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody data-start=\"3013\" data-end=\"3752\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 76px;\" data-start=\"3013\" data-end=\"3258\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16.467391%; height: 76px;\" data-start=\"3013\" data-end=\"3055\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"3015\" data-end=\"3054\"\u003eCNTFRα + WSX-1 + gp130 heterotrimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 50.896739%; height: 76px;\" data-start=\"3055\" data-end=\"3162\" data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003esiRNA knock-down of any subunit abolishes neuro-protection; S14G substitution boosts affinity ~10³-fold.\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 28.8125%; height: 76px;\" data-start=\"3162\" data-end=\"3258\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eJAK–STAT3, PI3K–AKT, ERK1\/2 → ↑BCL-2, anti-apoptosis\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 76px;\" data-start=\"3259\" data-end=\"3466\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16.467391%; height: 76px;\" data-start=\"3259\" data-end=\"3298\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"3261\" data-end=\"3297\"\u003eFormyl-Peptide Receptor-2 (FPR2)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 50.896739%; height: 76px;\" data-start=\"3298\" data-end=\"3423\" data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eCryo-EM and mutagenesis show N-formyl-HN docking; FPR2 antagonists block HN chemo-attraction in neutrophils and microglia.\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 28.8125%; height: 76px;\" data-start=\"3423\" data-end=\"3466\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 38px;\" data-start=\"3467\" data-end=\"3618\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16.467391%; height: 38px;\" data-start=\"3467\" data-end=\"3500\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"3469\" data-end=\"3499\"\u003eBAX \/ tBID (intracellular)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 50.896739%; height: 38px;\" data-start=\"3500\" data-end=\"3575\" data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eDirect binding interrupts mitochondrial-outer-membrane permeabilisation.\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 28.8125%; height: 38px;\" data-start=\"3575\" data-end=\"3618\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 38px;\" data-start=\"3619\" data-end=\"3752\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16.467391%; height: 38px;\" data-start=\"3619\" data-end=\"3633\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"3621\" data-end=\"3632\"\u003eIGFBP-3\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 50.896739%; height: 38px;\" data-start=\"3633\" data-end=\"3709\" data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eComplex formation liberates IGF-I, contributing to insulin sensitisation.\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 28.8125%; height: 38px;\" data-start=\"3709\" data-end=\"3752\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cbutton aria-label=\"Tabel kopiëren\" class=\"hover:bg-token-bg-tertiary text-token-text-secondary my-1 rounded-sm p-1 transition-opacity group-[:not(:hover):not(:focus-within)]:pointer-events-none group-[:not(:hover):not(:focus-within)]:opacity-0\"\u003e\u003csvg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewbox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"icon\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M12.668 10.667C12.668 9.95614 12.668 9.46258 12.6367 9.0791C12.6137 8.79732 12.5758 8.60761 12.5244 8.46387L12.4688 8.33399C12.3148 8.03193 12.0803 7.77885 11.793 7.60254L11.666 7.53125C11.508 7.45087 11.2963 7.39395 10.9209 7.36328C10.5374 7.33197 10.0439 7.33203 9.33301 7.33203H6.5C5.78896 7.33203 5.29563 7.33195 4.91211 7.36328C4.63016 7.38632 4.44065 7.42413 4.29688 7.47559L4.16699 7.53125C3.86488 7.68518 3.61186 7.9196 3.43555 8.20703L3.36524 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2.17969L7.87207 2.11328C8.20855 1.96886 8.56979 1.90385 8.9707 1.87109C9.42091 1.83432 9.978 1.83496 10.667 1.83496H13.5C14.1891 1.83496 14.746 1.83431 15.1963 1.87109C15.6541 1.90851 16.0599 1.98788 16.4365 2.17969L16.6553 2.30176C17.151 2.60585 17.5548 3.04244 17.8203 3.56348L17.8867 3.70606C18.031 4.04235 18.0962 4.40306 18.1289 4.80371C18.1657 5.25395 18.165 5.81091 18.165 6.5V9.33301Z\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\u003c\/svg\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"3754\" data-end=\"3757\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-start=\"3759\" data-end=\"3797\"\u003e4 Structure–Activity Optimisation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"_tableContainer_80l1q_1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"_tableWrapper_80l1q_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"\u003e\n\u003ctable data-start=\"3799\" data-end=\"4373\" class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\"\u003e\n\u003cthead data-start=\"3799\" data-end=\"3858\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"3799\" data-end=\"3858\"\u003e\n\u003cth data-start=\"3799\" data-end=\"3810\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eAnalogue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-start=\"3810\" data-end=\"3833\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eAmino-acid Change(s)\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-start=\"3833\" data-end=\"3858\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003ePharmacological Gains\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody data-start=\"3919\" data-end=\"4373\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"3919\" data-end=\"4037\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"3919\" data-end=\"3939\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"3921\" data-end=\"3938\"\u003eHNG (S14G-HN)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"3939\" data-end=\"3951\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eSer¹⁴→Gly\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"3951\" data-end=\"3994\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003e↑Receptor potency ×10³; t½ ≈ 4 h in rats\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"4038\" data-end=\"4172\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4038\" data-end=\"4051\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"4040\" data-end=\"4050\"\u003eHNGF6A\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4051\" data-end=\"4069\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003ePhe⁶→Ala + S14G\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4069\" data-end=\"4129\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eBlood–brain barrier transit; superior in MI and AD models\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"4173\" data-end=\"4274\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4173\" data-end=\"4207\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"4175\" data-end=\"4206\"\u003eCyclised dimers \/ PEGylates\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4207\" data-end=\"4234\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eHead-to-tail or PEG tags\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4234\" data-end=\"4274\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eSerum stability \u0026gt;10 h (pre-clinical)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"4275\" data-end=\"4373\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4275\" data-end=\"4296\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"4277\" data-end=\"4295\"\u003eSHLP-2, SHLP-3\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4296\" data-end=\"4324\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eEncoded by \u003cem data-start=\"4309\" data-end=\"4318\"\u003eMTRNR2L\u003c\/em\u003e loci\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"4324\" data-end=\"4373\" data-col-size=\"md\"\u003eDistinct metabolic and cytoprotective spectra\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cbutton aria-label=\"Tabel kopiëren\" class=\"hover:bg-token-bg-tertiary text-token-text-secondary my-1 rounded-sm p-1 transition-opacity group-[:not(:hover):not(:focus-within)]:pointer-events-none group-[:not(:hover):not(:focus-within)]:opacity-0\"\u003e\u003csvg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewbox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"icon\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M12.668 10.667C12.668 9.95614 12.668 9.46258 12.6367 9.0791C12.6137 8.79732 12.5758 8.60761 12.5244 8.46387L12.4688 8.33399C12.3148 8.03193 12.0803 7.77885 11.793 7.60254L11.666 7.53125C11.508 7.45087 11.2963 7.39395 10.9209 7.36328C10.5374 7.33197 10.0439 7.33203 9.33301 7.33203H6.5C5.78896 7.33203 5.29563 7.33195 4.91211 7.36328C4.63016 7.38632 4.44065 7.42413 4.29688 7.47559L4.16699 7.53125C3.86488 7.68518 3.61186 7.9196 3.43555 8.20703L3.36524 8.33399C3.28478 8.49198 3.22795 8.70352 3.19727 9.0791C3.16595 9.46259 3.16504 9.95611 3.16504 10.667V13.5C3.16504 14.211 3.16593 14.7044 3.19727 15.0879C3.22797 15.4636 3.28473 15.675 3.36524 15.833L3.43555 15.959C3.61186 16.2466 3.86474 16.4807 4.16699 16.6348L4.29688 16.6914C4.44063 16.7428 4.63025 16.7797 4.91211 16.8027C5.29563 16.8341 5.78896 16.835 6.5 16.835H9.33301C10.0439 16.835 10.5374 16.8341 10.9209 16.8027C11.2965 16.772 11.508 16.7152 11.666 16.6348L11.793 16.5645C12.0804 16.3881 12.3148 16.1351 12.4688 15.833L12.5244 15.7031C12.5759 15.5594 12.6137 15.3698 12.6367 15.0879C12.6681 14.7044 12.668 14.211 12.668 13.5V10.667ZM13.998 12.665C14.4528 12.6634 14.8011 12.6602 15.0879 12.6367C15.4635 12.606 15.675 12.5492 15.833 12.4688L15.959 12.3975C16.2466 12.2211 16.4808 11.9682 16.6348 11.666L16.6914 11.5361C16.7428 11.3924 16.7797 11.2026 16.8027 10.9209C16.8341 10.5374 16.835 10.0439 16.835 9.33301V6.5C16.835 5.78896 16.8341 5.29563 16.8027 4.91211C16.7797 4.63025 16.7428 4.44063 16.6914 4.29688L16.6348 4.16699C16.4807 3.86474 16.2466 3.61186 15.959 3.43555L15.833 3.36524C15.675 3.28473 15.4636 3.22797 15.0879 3.19727C14.7044 3.16593 14.211 3.16504 13.5 3.16504H10.667C9.9561 3.16504 9.46259 3.16595 9.0791 3.19727C8.79739 3.22028 8.6076 3.2572 8.46387 3.30859L8.33399 3.36524C8.03176 3.51923 7.77886 3.75343 7.60254 4.04102L7.53125 4.16699C7.4508 4.32498 7.39397 4.53655 7.36328 4.91211C7.33985 5.19893 7.33562 5.54719 7.33399 6.00195H9.33301C10.022 6.00195 10.5791 6.00131 11.0293 6.03809C11.4873 6.07551 11.8937 6.15471 12.2705 6.34668L12.4883 6.46875C12.984 6.7728 13.3878 7.20854 13.6533 7.72949L13.7197 7.87207C13.8642 8.20859 13.9292 8.56974 13.9619 8.9707C13.9987 9.42092 13.998 9.97799 13.998 10.667V12.665ZM18.165 9.33301C18.165 10.022 18.1657 10.5791 18.1289 11.0293C18.0961 11.4302 18.0311 11.7914 17.8867 12.1279L17.8203 12.2705C17.5549 12.7914 17.1509 13.2272 16.6553 13.5313L16.4365 13.6533C16.0599 13.8452 15.6541 13.9245 15.1963 13.9619C14.8593 13.9895 14.4624 13.9935 13.9951 13.9951C13.9935 14.4624 13.9895 14.8593 13.9619 15.1963C13.9292 15.597 13.864 15.9576 13.7197 16.2939L13.6533 16.4365C13.3878 16.9576 12.9841 17.3941 12.4883 17.6982L12.2705 17.8203C11.8937 18.0123 11.4873 18.0915 11.0293 18.1289C10.5791 18.1657 10.022 18.165 9.33301 18.165H6.5C5.81091 18.165 5.25395 18.1657 4.80371 18.1289C4.40306 18.0962 4.04235 18.031 3.70606 17.8867L3.56348 17.8203C3.04244 17.5548 2.60585 17.151 2.30176 16.6553L2.17969 16.4365C1.98788 16.0599 1.90851 15.6541 1.87109 15.1963C1.83431 14.746 1.83496 14.1891 1.83496 13.5V10.667C1.83496 9.978 1.83432 9.42091 1.87109 8.9707C1.90851 8.5127 1.98772 8.10625 2.17969 7.72949L2.30176 7.51172C2.60586 7.0159 3.04236 6.6122 3.56348 6.34668L3.70606 6.28027C4.04237 6.136 4.40303 6.07083 4.80371 6.03809C5.14051 6.01057 5.53708 6.00551 6.00391 6.00391C6.00551 5.53708 6.01057 5.14051 6.03809 4.80371C6.0755 4.34588 6.15483 3.94012 6.34668 3.56348L6.46875 3.34473C6.77282 2.84912 7.20856 2.44514 7.72949 2.17969L7.87207 2.11328C8.20855 1.96886 8.56979 1.90385 8.9707 1.87109C9.42091 1.83432 9.978 1.83496 10.667 1.83496H13.5C14.1891 1.83496 14.746 1.83431 15.1963 1.87109C15.6541 1.90851 16.0599 1.98788 16.4365 2.17969L16.6553 2.30176C17.151 2.60585 17.5548 3.04244 17.8203 3.56348L17.8867 3.70606C18.031 4.04235 18.0962 4.40306 18.1289 4.80371C18.1657 5.25395 18.165 5.81091 18.165 6.5V9.33301Z\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\u003c\/svg\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"4375\" data-end=\"4378\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-start=\"4380\" data-end=\"4421\"\u003e5 System-by-System Evidence (Expanded)\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-start=\"4423\" data-end=\"4438\"\u003e5.1 Brain\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"4439\" data-end=\"4712\"\u003eHN counters multiple neurotoxic triggers, activates STAT3- and AKT-mediated survival cascades, and restores hippocampal acetylcholine; in aged mice a 30-day HN course normalises novel-object recognition and Morris-maze performance.\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-start=\"4714\" data-end=\"4743\"\u003e5.2 Heart \u0026amp; Vasculature\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"4744\" data-end=\"5161\"\u003eAcute I\/R: HNG at 2 mg kg⁻¹ reduces infarct\/area-at-risk by ~40 %.\u003cbr data-start=\"4850\" data-end=\"4853\"\u003eChronic HF: weekly HNG injections forestall dilation and fibrosis up to 12 weeks post-TAC or isoproterenol challenge.\u003cbr data-start=\"5010\" data-end=\"5013\"\u003eAtheroprotection: HN suppresses endothelial NOX2 ROS, improves eNOS coupling and lowers VCAM-1 expression.\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-start=\"5163\" data-end=\"5183\"\u003e5.3 Metabolism\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"5184\" data-end=\"5392\"\u003eRodents given 5 µg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ HNG show 20–30 % drops in HOMA-IR and hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression; β-cell apoptosis induced by IAPP or lipotoxicity falls \u0026gt;50 %.\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-start=\"5394\" data-end=\"5410\"\u003e5.4 Kidney\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"5411\" data-end=\"5564\"\u003eIn sepsis-AKI, HNG normalises ATP, reduces tubular TUNEL positivity, and cuts serum creatinine 35 % vs. saline.\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-start=\"5566\" data-end=\"5593\"\u003e5.5 Skeletal \/ Growth\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"5594\" data-end=\"5800\"\u003eHN overexpression in transgenic mice or exogenous peptide preserves growth-plate chondrocyte proliferation under TNF, glucocorticoids or BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax.\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"5802\" data-end=\"5805\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-start=\"5807\" data-end=\"5849\"\u003e6 Human Observations \u0026amp; Ongoing Trials\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul data-start=\"5851\" data-end=\"6423\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"5851\" data-end=\"5992\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"5853\" data-end=\"5992\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"5853\" data-end=\"5867\"\u003eBiomarkers\u003c\/strong\u003e – Lower serum HN correlates with CAD severity and predicts 3-year MACE (AUC 0.78).\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"5993\" data-end=\"6154\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"5995\" data-end=\"6154\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"5995\" data-end=\"6007\"\u003eGenetics\u003c\/strong\u003e – P3S variant of mitochondrial HN associates with exceptional longevity, especially in APOE-ε4 carriers.\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"6155\" data-end=\"6327\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"6157\" data-end=\"6327\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"6157\" data-end=\"6178\"\u003eProspective study\u003c\/strong\u003e – \u003cstrong data-start=\"6181\" data-end=\"6196\"\u003eNCT06125249\u003c\/strong\u003e: recruiting ≥400 STEMI patients to test HN as early diagnostic and prognostic biomarker.\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"6328\" data-end=\"6423\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"6330\" data-end=\"6423\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"6330\" data-end=\"6368\"\u003eNo completed interventional trials\u003c\/strong\u003e delivering exogenous HN\/HNG to humans as of July 2025.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"6425\" data-end=\"6428\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-start=\"6430\" data-end=\"6462\"\u003e7 Pharmacokinetics \u0026amp; Safety\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"_tableContainer_80l1q_1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"_tableWrapper_80l1q_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"\u003e\n\u003ctable data-start=\"6464\" data-end=\"6852\" class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\"\u003e\n\u003cthead data-start=\"6464\" data-end=\"6489\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"6464\" data-end=\"6489\"\u003e\n\u003cth data-start=\"6464\" data-end=\"6473\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003eAspect\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth data-start=\"6473\" data-end=\"6489\" data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eCurrent Data\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody data-start=\"6516\" data-end=\"6852\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"6516\" data-end=\"6622\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"6516\" data-end=\"6535\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"6518\" data-end=\"6534\"\u003eNative HN t½\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"6535\" data-end=\"6622\" data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003e\u0026lt;1 h (mouse), first-pass hepatic clearance. \u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"6623\" data-end=\"6707\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"6623\" data-end=\"6642\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"6625\" data-end=\"6641\"\u003eHNG \/ PEG-HN\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"6642\" data-end=\"6707\" data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003et½ 4–10 h in rats depending on formulation; human PK unknown.\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-start=\"6708\" data-end=\"6852\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"6708\" data-end=\"6725\" data-col-size=\"sm\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"6710\" data-end=\"6724\"\u003eToxicology\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-start=\"6725\" data-end=\"6852\" data-col-size=\"lg\"\u003eRepeat-dose 5 mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ IV\/SC for 28 days in mice: no histopathology, normal cytokines; GLP large-animal studies pending.\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cbutton aria-label=\"Tabel kopiëren\" class=\"hover:bg-token-bg-tertiary text-token-text-secondary my-1 rounded-sm p-1 transition-opacity group-[:not(:hover):not(:focus-within)]:pointer-events-none group-[:not(:hover):not(:focus-within)]:opacity-0\"\u003e\u003csvg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewbox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"icon\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M12.668 10.667C12.668 9.95614 12.668 9.46258 12.6367 9.0791C12.6137 8.79732 12.5758 8.60761 12.5244 8.46387L12.4688 8.33399C12.3148 8.03193 12.0803 7.77885 11.793 7.60254L11.666 7.53125C11.508 7.45087 11.2963 7.39395 10.9209 7.36328C10.5374 7.33197 10.0439 7.33203 9.33301 7.33203H6.5C5.78896 7.33203 5.29563 7.33195 4.91211 7.36328C4.63016 7.38632 4.44065 7.42413 4.29688 7.47559L4.16699 7.53125C3.86488 7.68518 3.61186 7.9196 3.43555 8.20703L3.36524 8.33399C3.28478 8.49198 3.22795 8.70352 3.19727 9.0791C3.16595 9.46259 3.16504 9.95611 3.16504 10.667V13.5C3.16504 14.211 3.16593 14.7044 3.19727 15.0879C3.22797 15.4636 3.28473 15.675 3.36524 15.833L3.43555 15.959C3.61186 16.2466 3.86474 16.4807 4.16699 16.6348L4.29688 16.6914C4.44063 16.7428 4.63025 16.7797 4.91211 16.8027C5.29563 16.8341 5.78896 16.835 6.5 16.835H9.33301C10.0439 16.835 10.5374 16.8341 10.9209 16.8027C11.2965 16.772 11.508 16.7152 11.666 16.6348L11.793 16.5645C12.0804 16.3881 12.3148 16.1351 12.4688 15.833L12.5244 15.7031C12.5759 15.5594 12.6137 15.3698 12.6367 15.0879C12.6681 14.7044 12.668 14.211 12.668 13.5V10.667ZM13.998 12.665C14.4528 12.6634 14.8011 12.6602 15.0879 12.6367C15.4635 12.606 15.675 12.5492 15.833 12.4688L15.959 12.3975C16.2466 12.2211 16.4808 11.9682 16.6348 11.666L16.6914 11.5361C16.7428 11.3924 16.7797 11.2026 16.8027 10.9209C16.8341 10.5374 16.835 10.0439 16.835 9.33301V6.5C16.835 5.78896 16.8341 5.29563 16.8027 4.91211C16.7797 4.63025 16.7428 4.44063 16.6914 4.29688L16.6348 4.16699C16.4807 3.86474 16.2466 3.61186 15.959 3.43555L15.833 3.36524C15.675 3.28473 15.4636 3.22797 15.0879 3.19727C14.7044 3.16593 14.211 3.16504 13.5 3.16504H10.667C9.9561 3.16504 9.46259 3.16595 9.0791 3.19727C8.79739 3.22028 8.6076 3.2572 8.46387 3.30859L8.33399 3.36524C8.03176 3.51923 7.77886 3.75343 7.60254 4.04102L7.53125 4.16699C7.4508 4.32498 7.39397 4.53655 7.36328 4.91211C7.33985 5.19893 7.33562 5.54719 7.33399 6.00195H9.33301C10.022 6.00195 10.5791 6.00131 11.0293 6.03809C11.4873 6.07551 11.8937 6.15471 12.2705 6.34668L12.4883 6.46875C12.984 6.7728 13.3878 7.20854 13.6533 7.72949L13.7197 7.87207C13.8642 8.20859 13.9292 8.56974 13.9619 8.9707C13.9987 9.42092 13.998 9.97799 13.998 10.667V12.665ZM18.165 9.33301C18.165 10.022 18.1657 10.5791 18.1289 11.0293C18.0961 11.4302 18.0311 11.7914 17.8867 12.1279L17.8203 12.2705C17.5549 12.7914 17.1509 13.2272 16.6553 13.5313L16.4365 13.6533C16.0599 13.8452 15.6541 13.9245 15.1963 13.9619C14.8593 13.9895 14.4624 13.9935 13.9951 13.9951C13.9935 14.4624 13.9895 14.8593 13.9619 15.1963C13.9292 15.597 13.864 15.9576 13.7197 16.2939L13.6533 16.4365C13.3878 16.9576 12.9841 17.3941 12.4883 17.6982L12.2705 17.8203C11.8937 18.0123 11.4873 18.0915 11.0293 18.1289C10.5791 18.1657 10.022 18.165 9.33301 18.165H6.5C5.81091 18.165 5.25395 18.1657 4.80371 18.1289C4.40306 18.0962 4.04235 18.031 3.70606 17.8867L3.56348 17.8203C3.04244 17.5548 2.60585 17.151 2.30176 16.6553L2.17969 16.4365C1.98788 16.0599 1.90851 15.6541 1.87109 15.1963C1.83431 14.746 1.83496 14.1891 1.83496 13.5V10.667C1.83496 9.978 1.83432 9.42091 1.87109 8.9707C1.90851 8.5127 1.98772 8.10625 2.17969 7.72949L2.30176 7.51172C2.60586 7.0159 3.04236 6.6122 3.56348 6.34668L3.70606 6.28027C4.04237 6.136 4.40303 6.07083 4.80371 6.03809C5.14051 6.01057 5.53708 6.00551 6.00391 6.00391C6.00551 5.53708 6.01057 5.14051 6.03809 4.80371C6.0755 4.34588 6.15483 3.94012 6.34668 3.56348L6.46875 3.34473C6.77282 2.84912 7.20856 2.44514 7.72949 2.17969L7.87207 2.11328C8.20855 1.96886 8.56979 1.90385 8.9707 1.87109C9.42091 1.83432 9.978 1.83496 10.667 1.83496H13.5C14.1891 1.83496 14.746 1.83431 15.1963 1.87109C15.6541 1.90851 16.0599 1.98788 16.4365 2.17969L16.6553 2.30176C17.151 2.60585 17.5548 3.04244 17.8203 3.56348L17.8867 3.70606C18.031 4.04235 18.0962 4.40306 18.1289 4.80371C18.1657 5.25395 18.165 5.81091 18.165 6.5V9.33301Z\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\u003c\/svg\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"6854\" data-end=\"6857\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-start=\"6859\" data-end=\"6887\"\u003e8 Outstanding Questions\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003col data-start=\"6889\" data-end=\"7488\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"6889\" data-end=\"6993\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"6892\" data-end=\"6993\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"6892\" data-end=\"6914\"\u003eReceptor hierarchy\u003c\/strong\u003e – How do CNTFR\/gp130 and FPR2 signals integrate under different pathologies?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"6994\" data-end=\"7088\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"6997\" data-end=\"7088\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"6997\" data-end=\"7019\"\u003eParalogue function\u003c\/strong\u003e – Biological roles of \u003cstrong data-start=\"7042\" data-end=\"7057\"\u003eMTRNR2L1-13\u003c\/strong\u003e peptides largely unexplored.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"7089\" data-end=\"7207\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"7092\" data-end=\"7207\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"7092\" data-end=\"7109\"\u003eDrug delivery\u003c\/strong\u003e – Need long-acting or tissue-targeted platforms (lipid nanoparticles, exosomes, viral vectors).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"7208\" data-end=\"7366\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"7211\" data-end=\"7366\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"7211\" data-end=\"7229\"\u003eTumour biology\u003c\/strong\u003e – HN cytoprotection vs. pro-tumour signalling (e.g., glioblastoma FPR2 axis) must be resolved. \u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"7367\" data-end=\"7488\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"7370\" data-end=\"7488\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"7370\" data-end=\"7394\"\u003eClinical translation\u003c\/strong\u003e – Robust GMP synthesis, immunogenicity testing, and Phase I dosing studies are prerequisites.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"7490\" data-end=\"7493\"\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-start=\"7495\" data-end=\"7513\"\u003e9 Perspective\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"7514\" data-end=\"7984\"\u003eHumanin inaugurates the class of \u003cstrong data-start=\"7547\" data-end=\"7582\"\u003emitochondrial-derived mitokines\u003c\/strong\u003e, linking mitochondrial gene expression to systemic stress-resistance. Pre-clinical evidence positions HN\/HNG as pleiotropic protectants spanning neuro-degeneration, cardiometabolic disease, renal injury and growth disorders. Yet, with no human dosing data, short plasma half-life and receptor complexity, the leap from bench to bedside demands disciplined pharmacology, manufacturing and trial desig\u003cmeta charset=\"UTF-8\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-start=\"7451\" data-end=\"7466\"\u003eReferences\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003col data-start=\"7468\" data-end=\"9837\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"7468\" data-end=\"7684\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"7471\" data-end=\"7684\"\u003eHashimoto Y, Niikura T, Ito Y et al. Mechanisms of neuroprotection by humanin from Swedish mutant amyloid precursor protein. \u003cem data-start=\"7596\" data-end=\"7625\"\u003eBiochem Biophys Res Commun.\u003c\/em\u003e 2001;283:460-68.\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"7685\" data-end=\"7881\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"7688\" data-end=\"7881\"\u003eHashimoto Y, Niikura T, Tajima H et al. Humanin inhibits neuronal cell death via CNTFRα\/WSX-1\/gp130 receptor complex. \u003cem data-start=\"7806\" data-end=\"7822\"\u003eMol Biol Cell.\u003c\/em\u003e 2009;20:2864-73.\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"7882\" data-end=\"8137\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"7885\" data-end=\"8137\"\u003eThummasorn S, Apaijai N, Shinlapawittayatorn K et al. S14G-Humanin confers cardioprotection against chronic cardiac ischemia–reperfusion injury. \u003cem data-start=\"8030\" data-end=\"8048\"\u003eCardiovasc Ther.\u003c\/em\u003e 2016;34:404-14; \u0026amp; updated long-term data 2023.\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"8138\" data-end=\"8260\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"8141\" data-end=\"8260\"\u003eMuzumdar R, Lee C, Cohen P. Humanin and diabetes: in-vitro and in-vivo studies. \u003cem data-start=\"8221\" data-end=\"8240\"\u003eFront Endocrinol.\u003c\/em\u003e2023;14:1142310.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"8261\" data-end=\"8431\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"8264\" data-end=\"8431\"\u003eQin L, Song Y, Li Y et al. Humanin improves insulin sensitivity and endothelial function. \u003cem data-start=\"8354\" data-end=\"8376\"\u003eCardiovasc Diabetol.\u003c\/em\u003e2021;20:120.\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"8432\" data-end=\"8593\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"8435\" data-end=\"8593\"\u003eZhang W, Li D, Ding X et al. Plasma humanin and coronary artery disease severity. \u003cem data-start=\"8517\" data-end=\"8534\"\u003eClin Chim Acta.\u003c\/em\u003e 2022;530:187-94.\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"8594\" data-end=\"8782\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"8597\" data-end=\"8782\"\u003eLee C, Zeng J, Drew BG et al. Acute humanin therapy attenuates myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury in mice. \u003cem data-start=\"8708\" data-end=\"8725\"\u003eCardiovasc Res.\u003c\/em\u003e 2010;88:191-9.\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"8783\" data-end=\"8981\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"8786\" data-end=\"8981\"\u003eWang Y, Zhang H, Li M et al. Humanin mitigates AKI-to-CKD progression by preserving mitochondrial bioenergetics. \u003cem data-start=\"8899\" data-end=\"8918\"\u003eJ Am Soc Nephrol.\u003c\/em\u003e 2024;35(Suppl):2871.\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"8982\" data-end=\"9187\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"8985\" data-end=\"9187\"\u003eVelentza L, Wickström M, Kogner P et al. Humanin protects against venetoclax-induced bone growth retardation in rat metatarsals. \u003cem data-start=\"9114\" data-end=\"9129\"\u003eJ Endocr Soc.\u003c\/em\u003e 2024;8:bvae009.\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"9188\" data-end=\"9367\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"9192\" data-end=\"9367\"\u003eGurinovich A, Liu C, Barzilai N et al. 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Humanin binds BAX and tBID to block mitochondrial apoptosis. \u003cem data-start=\"9798\" data-end=\"9818\"\u003eCell Death Differ.\u003c\/em\u003e 2004;11:512-19.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"7514\" data-end=\"7984\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"RCpeptides","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52684855738706,"sku":null,"price":125.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1048\/0956\/2450\/files\/humanin_10mg.png?v=1770834883","url":"https:\/\/sciencepeptideslab.com\/products\/humanin-10mg-vial","provider":"Science Peptides Lab","version":"1.0","type":"link"}